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Anatomy > Chapter 11 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Procencephalon

A

-Forebrain split up into the Telencephalon and the Diencephalon

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2
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • Part of the Procencephalon

- Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, cerebrum, basal nuclei, and hippocampus

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3
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Part of the Procencephalon

- third ventricle, mammillary bodies, hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland

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4
Q

Mesencephalon

A
  • Midbrain and it doesn’t split

- cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, and corpora quadrigemina

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5
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

-Hind brain is split into Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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6
Q

Metencephalon

A
  • Part of the Rhombencephalon

- fourth ventricle, cerebellum, pons, and cerebellar peduncles

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7
Q

Myelencephalon

A
  • Part of the Rhombencephalon

- fourth ventricle, medulla oblongata

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8
Q

Neural tube

A
  • The CNS is developed from it
  • Center is called ventricle
  • resides in the dorsal cavity
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9
Q

Pia, Arachnoid, Dura mater

A
  • Dura:Tough outer layer of the meninges
  • Arachnoid:Delicate, weblike middle layer of the meninges; has no blood vessels
  • Pia:Inner layer of meninges that encloses the brain and spinal cord
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10
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

-Rests between the arachnoid and pia mater, which contains cerebrospinal fluid

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11
Q

Epidural space

A
  • Space between the dural sheath of the spinal cord and the bone of the vertebral canal
  • adipose tissue, loose connective tissue, & blood vessels are found in the epidural space
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12
Q

Broca’s Area(motor speech area)

A
  • Located in the frontal lobe, usually the left hemisphere depending on hemisphere dominance
  • important in generating the complex pattern of muscular actions of the most, tongue, and larynx, which make speech possible
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13
Q

Wernicke’s Area(sensory speech area)

A
  • Located in the temporal lobe

- important for understanding and formulating written and spoken language

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14
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

-Separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres

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15
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

-Separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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16
Q

Falx cerebri

A

-Extends downward into the longitudinal fissure, and separate the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

Interventricular foramen

A
  • the opening from each lateral ventricle into the third ventricle of the brain
  • found in the prosencephalon
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18
Q

Choroid plexuses

A
  • masses of specialized capillaries from the pia mater, covered by a single layer of specialized ependymal cells
  • act much like the astrocytes in blood brain barrier
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19
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

-Astrocytes provide a barrier between the blood and the brain interstitial fluid

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20
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A
  • Any of several fingerlike structures that projects from the subarachnoid space of the meninges into blood-filled dural sinuses and reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid
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21
Q

Basal nuclei

A
  • Masses of grey matter deep within a cerebral hemisphere
  • Parkinson’s affects this structure
  • Located in the Telencephalon
  • Produces Dopamine
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22
Q

cerebrum

A

-Largest part of a mature brain

-

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23
Q

corpus callosum

A
  • Connects the cerebral hemisphere

- enables the dominant hemisphere to control the motor cortex of the non-dominant hemispheres

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24
Q

gyri

A
  • many ridges of convultions separated by grooves, mark the cerebrum’s surface
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25
Q

sulcus

A

-A shallow to somewhat deep groove

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26
Q

fissure

A

-A very deep groove

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27
Q

anencephaly

A
  • A type of neural tube defect; it occurs at about the 28th day of prenatal development
  • A sheet of tissue that normally fold to form the neural tube remains open at the top
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28
Q

insula(island of Reil)

A
  • Located deep within the lateral sulcus
  • Gustatory cortex
  • taste
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29
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • responsible for intelligence and personality

- interpreting impulses from sense organs, initiating voluntary muscular movements

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30
Q

limbic system

A

-Responsible for emotional responses to certain stimulus

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31
Q

postcentral gyri(primary somatosensory)

A
  • Located in parietal lobes

- sensations of temperature, tough, pressure, and pain in the skin

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32
Q

frontal lobe

A

-higher intelectual processes: concentrating, planning, and complex problem solving

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33
Q

parietal lobe

A

-sensory information and aid in understanding speech

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34
Q

occipital lobe

A

-provides vision

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35
Q

temporal lobe

A

-centers for hearing, taste, and smell

36
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

-superior temporal gyri

37
Q

primary visual cortex

A

-located in occipital

38
Q

precentral gyri(primary motor cortex)

A
  • Located in frontal lobe
  • The nervous tissue in these regions contains many large pyramidal
  • voluntary movement of the eye
39
Q

pyramidal cells

A

-They send impulses from the motor cortex into the spinal cord on descending tracts

40
Q

hippocampus

A
  • memory consolidation

- located in the Telencephalon

41
Q

pituitary gland

A

-biological clock

42
Q

thalamus

A
  • Receives all sensory impulses except for smell

- relays sensory information by synchronizing action potentials

43
Q

hypothalamus

A

-maintains homeostasis

44
Q

mammillary bodies

A

-their projections to the anterior thalamus via the mammillothalamic tract, are important for recollective memory.

45
Q

pineal gland

A

-produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones

46
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement.
  • replacing or enhancing use of dopamine can temporarily alleviate symptoms
47
Q

cerebral peduncles

A
  • These fibers include descending tracts and are the main motor pathways between the cerebrum and lower parts of the nervous system
  • Found in the mesencephalon
48
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A
  • make up the superior and inferior colliculi
  • superior=visual reflexes
  • inferior=auditory reflexes
  • Found in the mesencephalon
49
Q

red nucleus

A

-communicates with the cerebellum and with the centers of the spinal cord, and it plays a role in reflexes that maintain posture

50
Q

pons

A
  • conduct impulses from the cerebrum to center within the cerebellum
  • Found in the Metencephalon
51
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • receive sensory impulses from fibers of ascending tracts and pass them on to the thalamus or the cerebellum
  • Found in the Myelencephalon
52
Q

reticular formation

A
  • found throughout the brainstem
  • It is meant to help a person focus and heighten their senses
  • damage to it leads to coma
53
Q

cerebellum

A

-Comparator

54
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A
  • Allows the cerebellum to communicate with other parts of the CNS
  • made up of three nerve tracts
  • found in metencephalon
55
Q

cervical enlargements

A

-thickening in the spinal cord found in the neck region, which supplies nerves to the upper limbs.

56
Q

lumbar enlargements

A

-thickening in the spinal cord of the lower back region, gives off nerves to the lower limbs

57
Q

conus medullaris

A

-Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord tapers to this structure.

58
Q

anterior, lateral, posterior funiculi

A

-The white matter of the spinal cord which is split into three regions anterior, lateral, and posterior. consists of longitudinal bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that compose the major pathways called tracts.

59
Q

ascending tracts

A

-Sensory pathways

60
Q

descending tracts

A

-Motor pathways

61
Q

fasciculus gracilis

A
  • Part of the posterior funiculi, located medially
  • waist down
  • processes proprioception and touch
62
Q

fasciculus cuneatus

A
  • Part of the posterior funiculi, located laterally
  • waist up except for face
  • processes proprioception and touch
63
Q

spinothalamic (anterolateral) tracts

A
  • somatosensation: pain and temperature

- part of the anterior and lateral funiculi

64
Q

spinocerebellar tracts

A
  • part of the lateral funiculi

- proprioception

65
Q

lateral and anterior corticospinal tract

A

-impulses that travel through the anterior corticospinal stay on the same side and do not swap to the contralateral side, while the lateral corticospinal swaps to the contralateral side

66
Q

ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)

A

-motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex degenerate.

67
Q

CN 1

A
  • Olfactory Nerves
  • Sense of smell
  • Only sensory nerves
68
Q

CN2

A
  • Optic Nerves

- vision

69
Q

CN3

A
  • Oculomotor nerves

- raising the eyelid and moving the eye

70
Q

CN4

A
  • trochlear nerves
  • smallest
  • external eye muscles
71
Q

CN5

A
  • trigeminal nerves
  • largest
  • ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
72
Q

CN6

A
  • abducens nerves

- external eye muscles

73
Q

CN7

A
  • facial nerves

- taste receptors, facial expression

74
Q

CN8

A
  • vestibulocochlear nerves
  • sense changes in the position of the head
  • hearing receptors
75
Q

CN9

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerves
  • tongue and pharynx
  • functions in swallowing
76
Q

CN10

A
  • Vagus nerves
  • parasympathetic
  • speech and swallowing reflexes
  • larynx and pharynx
77
Q

CN11

A
  • spinal accessory

- trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

78
Q

CN12

A
  • hypoglossal nerves

- moves the tongue in speaking, chewing, and swallowing

79
Q

sympathetic divison

A
  • -Thoracolumbar division
  • fight or flight
  • preganglionic>cholinergic
  • postganglionic>adrenergic
80
Q

parasympathetic division

A
  • craniosacral division
  • rest and digest
  • preganglionic and postganglionic> Choinergic recpetors
81
Q

preganglionic fiber

A

-Leaves the CNS and synapses with one or more neurons whose cell bodies are within an autonomic ganglion

82
Q

postganglionic fiber

A

-extends to a visceral effector

83
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

he preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions all secrete acetylcholine

84
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons, secrete norepinephrine

85
Q

spina bifida

A
  • a type of neural tube defect

- An opening is farther down the neural tube, and in severe cases ma cause paralysis from that point downward

Anatomy (17 decks)

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