Chapter 5 Review Flashcards
histology
- Study of tissues
intercellular junctions
-connect cell membranes
tight junctions
- join cells that form sheetlike layers, like in the digestive tract
- linings of tiny blood vessels in the brain consists of cells held tightly together
gap junctions
- link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and allow ions, nutrients, and other substances to move through
- heart muscle and digestive tract
desmosome
-enables skin cells to form a reinforced structural unit
epithelial
function:protection, secretion, and absorption
connective
function: bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
muscle
function: Movement
nervous
function:Conduct mules for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception
basement membrane
-anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue
cilia
- Microscopic hair like extensions of the exposed surfaces of most cells
microvilli
- Cells specialized for absorption typically have many tiny, cylindrical processes, called microvilli, extending from their free surfaces.
goblet cells
-secrete mucous
keratins
- proteins
- which hardens and dies producing a dry covering causing it to become water proof
melanocytes
- Specialized cells in the epidermis that produce the pigment melanin from the amino acid tyrosine in organelles
keratinocytes
- proteins produced as epidermal cells die and harden
merocrine glands
A fluid product released through the cell membrane by exocytosis. Salivary, pancreatic, and sweat glands
apocrine glands
Cellular product and portions of the free ends of glandular cells pinch of during secretion. Mammary, ceruminous glands, lining of the external acoustic meatus
holocrine glands
Disintegrated entire cells filled with secretory products. Sebaceous glands of the skin
fibroblasts
- The most common type of fixed cell in connective tissue.
- Large, star-shaped cells produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix of connective tissues.
macrophages
- Also called histiocytes, originate as white blood cells and are almost as numerous as fibroblasts in some connective tissues.
- They are usually attached to fibers but can detach and actively one about.
- As scavenger cells, they can clear foreign particles from tissues, providing an important defense against infection.
mast cells
- Large and widely distributed in connective tissues, where they are usually near blood vessels.
- They release heparin, a compound that prevents blood clotting.
- They also release histamine, which promotes some of the reactions associated with inflammation and allergies
histamine
- inflammation and allergies
- released by mast cells
heparin
- prevents blood clotting
- released by mast cells
collagen fibers
Thick threads of the protein collage, which is a major structural protein. Holds structures together, such as tendons and ligaments. It is found abundantly in dense regular connective tissue
elastic fibers
Composed of springlike protein called elastin; made for stretching found in vocal cords and air passages.
reticular fibers
They are thin collagen fibers. Found in areas like the spleen
adipose tissue
- Description: cells in fluid-gel matrix
- Function: protects, insulates, and stores fat
- Location: beneath the skin, around the kidneys, and on the surface of the heart
cartilage
-a rigid connective tissue
lacunae
- Cartilage cells, called chondrocytes, occupy small cambers called lacunae and lie completely within the extracellular matrix.
perichondrium
- A cartilaginous structure is enclosed in a covering of connective tissue.
- Cartilage cells near the perichondrium obtain nutrients from these vessels by diffusion, aided by the water in the extracellular matrix
hyaline cartilage
- supports, protects, provides framework
- ends of bones, nose, and rings in the walls of the respiratory tract
serous membranes
line body cavities
mucous membranes
line the cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body
cutaneous membranes
-skin
synovial membrane
-lines the joints
neuroglia
- They divide and are crucial to the functioning of neurons
- These cells support and bind the components of nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, and help supply growth factors and nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.
dendrites
Extensions of a neuron that receives messages
axons
-cellular processes that have impulses traveling down them
epidermis
- Composed of stratified squamous epithelium, it is the outer layer
dermis
- The inner layer, it is thicker than the epidermis and is made up of connective tissue containing collage and elastic fibers, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood
hypodermis
- Beneath the dermis, masses of areolar and adipose tissues bind the skin to underlying organs. These tissues are not part of the skin
apical surface
-The superficial layer on top of the epithelium
basal surface
-The surface above the dermis but under the epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
- Description: many layers, top cells flattened
- Function: protection
- Location: linings of oral cavity, vagina, and anal cavity
simple columnar epithelium
- Description: single layer, elongated cells
- Function: Protection, secretion, absorption
- Location: Lining of the stomach and small intestines
stratified columnar epithelium
- Description: Top layer of elongated cells, lower layers of cube-shaped cells
- Function: protection, secretion
- Location: male urethra, linings of larger ducts of excretory glands
elastic cartilage
- More flexible than hyaline cartilage because its extracellular matrix has a dense network of elastic fibers.
- It provides the framework for the external ears and parts of the larynx.
transitional epithelium
- Specialized to change in response to increased tension.
- It forms the inner lining of the urinary bladder and lines the ureters and the superior urethra
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Description: Single layer, flattened cells
Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, covers surface
Location: Air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, lining body cavities
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Description: Single layer, cube-shaped cells
Function: Protection, secretion, absorption
Location: Surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubules, and linings of ducts of certain glands
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Description: Single layer, elongated cells
Function: protection, secretion, movement of mucus and substances
Location: Linings of respiratory passages
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Description: 2-3 layers, cube shaped cells
Function: Protection
Location: Linings of ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
Glandular epithelium
Description: Unicellular/multicellular
Function: Secretion
Location: Salivary glands, sweat glands, endocrine glands
Areolar(Loose) connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid- gel matrix
Function: Binds organs
Location: Beneath the skin (hypodermis), surrounds organs
Adipose connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix
Function: Protects, insulates, and stores fat
Location: Beneath the skin, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, on the surface of the heart
Reticular Connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix
Function: Supports
Location: Walls of liver and spleen
Dense Regular Connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix
Function: Binds body parts
Location: Tendons, ligaments
Dense irregular connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix
Function: Sustains tissue tension
Location: Dermis
Elastic connective tissue
Description: Cells in fluid-gel matrix
Function: provides flexible framework
Location: Framework of external ear and part of larynx
Fibrocartilage
Description: Cells in solid-gel matrix
Function: Supports, protects, absorbs shock
Location: Between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee
Bone
Description: cells in solid matrix
Function: Supports, protects, provides framework
Location: Bones of skeleton, middle ear
Blood
Description: Cells and platelets in fluid matrix
Function: Transports gases, defends against disease, clotting
Location: Throughout the body in a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers
Articulating cartilage
found in joints, hyaline cartilage
