List #9 Flashcards
dura mater
- Tough outer layer of the meninges
- primarily composed of tough, white, dense connective tissues and contains many blood vessels and nerves
arachnoid mater
- Delicate, weblike middle layer of the meninges
- Has no blood vessels
pia mater
- Inner layer of meninges that encloses the brain and spinal cord
- blood vessels that nourish the underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord
epidural space
-Space between the dural sheath of the spinal cord and the bone of the vertebral canal
subarachnoid space
- Rests between the arachnoid and pia mater, which contains cerebrospinal fluid
falx cerebri
- Extends downward into he longitudinal fissures, and separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres
lateral ventricles
-The largest of the ventricles
third ventricles
- located in the midline of the brain beneath the corpus callosum.
fourth ventricles
- Located in the brainstem
cerebral aqueduct
- Canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain
arachnoid granulations
- Any of several fingerlike structures that projects from the subarachnoid space of the meninges into blood-filled dural sinuses and reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid
blood-brain barrier
-Astrocytes provide a barrier between the blood and the brain interstitial fluid
interventricular foramen
- the opening from each lateral ventricle into the third ventricle of the brain
- found in the prosencephalon
cervical and lumbar enlargements
- cervical enlargements: thickening in the spinal cord found in the neck region, which supplies nerves to the upper limbs.
- lumbar enlargements: thickening in the spinal cord of the lower back region, gives off nerves to the lower limbs
conus medullaris
- Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord tapers to this structure.
funiculi (anterior, lateral, and posterior)
-The white matter of the spinal cord which is split into three regions anterior, lateral, and posterior. consists of longitudinal bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that compose the major pathways called tracts.
gray matter of spinal cord (dorsal, lateral, and ventral horn)
-The pattern the gray matter produces roughly resembles a butterfly with its wings spread. These dorsal horns and the ventral horns. Between them on either side in some regions is a protrusion of gray matter called the lateral horn.
dorsal root vs. ventral root
- Ventral root: consists of axons from the motor neurons whose cell bodies lie within the gray matter of the cord
- Dorsal root: can be identified by an enlargement called the dorsal root ganglion. It contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons whose axons conducts impulses inward from peripheral body parts.
posterior medial sulcus vs. anterior median fissure
-Two grooves that extend the length of the spinal cord, dividing it into right and left halves. The anterior median fissure is deep and the posterior medial sulcus is shallow.
fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
- Tracts in the posterior funiculi of the spinal cord. Their fibers conduct sensory impulses from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain.
- Part of the ascending tracts of the spinal cord
spinocerebellar tracts
- They lie near the surface in the lateral funicular of the spinal cord. Fibers in the posterior tracts remain uncrossed, whereas those in the anterior tracts cross over in the medulla.
- Part of the ascending tracts of the spinal cord
cerebral hemispheres
-Either of the large, paired structures that constitute the cerebrum
corpus callosum
-Mass of white matter in the brain composed of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres
convolutions (sulci vs. gyri)
- Gyri= many ridges of convultions separated by grooves, mark the cerebrum’s surface
- Sulci= A shallow to somewhat deep groove
longitudinal fissure
- Separates the right an left cerebral hemispheres
insula
- Cerebral lobe deep within the lateral sulcus
central sulcus
- Splits the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe
hippocampus
- Part of the vertebral cortex where memories form
basal nuclei
- Masses of grey matter deep within a cerebral hemisphere
thalamus
- Mass of mostly gray matter at the base of the cerebrum, bulging from the wall on either side of the third ventricle
hypothalamus
- Part of the brain located below the thalamus and forming the floor of the third ventricle
optic chiasma
- X-shaped structure on the underside of the brain formed by optic nerve fibers that cross over
pituitary gland
- Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that consists of anterior and posterior lobes; the hypophysis
pineal gland
- Small structure in the central part of the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which affects certain biological rhythms
mammillary bodies
-One of two small, rounded bodies posterior to the hypothalamus involved with reflexes associated with the sense of smell
limbic system
- Connected structures in the brain that produce emotional feelings
corpora quadrigemina
-Two pairs of rounded knobs on the superior surface of the midbrain mark the location of four nuclei
reticular formation
- Complex network of nerve fibers and islands of gray matter in the brainstem that arouses the cerebrum
cerebellar peduncles vs. cerebral peduncles
- cerebellar peduncles: three pairs of nerve tracts that allows the cerebellum to communicate with other parts of the CNS
- cerebral peduncles:
cholinergic receptors vs. adrenergic receptors
- cholinergic: the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions all secrete acetylcholine
- adrenergic: Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons, secrete norepinephrine
tentorium cerebelli
-Separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from cerebellum
spinothalmic tracts
- they are located in the lateral and anterior funiculi. The lateral tracts conduct impulses from various body regions to the brain and give a rise to sensations of pain and temperature.
- impulses conducted o the anterior tracts are interpreted as touch and pressure
- Impulses in these tracts cross over the spinal cord
What are the parts of the 3 vesicle brain?
Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon
Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
- Lateral Ventricles
- Interventricular foramen
- Splits to make the telencephalon & diencephalon
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
-Cerebral Aqueduct
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
- 4th Ventricle
- splits into metencephalon and myelencephalon
What are the parts of the 5 vesicle brain?
-Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesecephalon, Metecephalon, and Myelencephalon
Telencephalon
- Cerebral Hemispheres
- lateral ventricles
Diencephalon
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
- Pineal Gland
- Pituitary Gland
- Third ventricles
Metencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
Myelencephalon
-medulla oblongata
