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Anatomy > List #7 > Flashcards

List #7 Flashcards

1
Q

myelin

A

-lipid material that forms a sheath like covering around some axons

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2
Q

axonal transport

A
  • movement occurs in both directions between the cell body and the ends of the axon.
  • enzymes required for neurotransmitter synthesis are produced in the cell body and transported to the axon terminals.
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3
Q

membrane potential

A
  • The potential difference across the cell membrane(measured in millivolts)
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4
Q

resting membrane potential

A
  • one that is not sending impulses or responding to other neurons(-70 millivolts)
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5
Q

action potential

A
  • a rapid change in the membrane potential, first in a positive direction, then in a negative direction, returning to the resting potential
  • all or nothing
  • regenerative
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6
Q

depolarization

A
  • if the membrane becomes more positive than the resting potential
  • can be caused by Sodium entering
  • means the threshold is lowered for an action potential
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7
Q

hyperpolarization

A
  • if the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential
  • the threshold is raised
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8
Q

refractory period

A
  • During the absolute refractory period which lasts about 1/1,000 of a second, the axon’s voltage-gated sodium channels are temporarily not responsive at all, and the axon cannot be stimulated.
  • Then the relative refractory period follows, as the membrane reestablishes its resting potential.
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9
Q

saltatory conduction

A
  • Action potentials appear to jump form node to node

- conduction on myelinated axons is many times faster than conduction on unmyelinated axons

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10
Q

synaptic potentials

A
  • enable one neuron the affect another
  • EPSP/IPSP
  • graded
  • non-regenerative
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11
Q

EPSP

A
  • A neuro transmitter binds to a post-synaptic receptor and opens sodium ion channels, the ions diffuse inward, depolarizing the membrane possibly triggering an action potential.
  • lasts for about 15 milliseconds
  • Depolarizing
  • Glumate
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12
Q

IPSP

A
  • A different neurotransmitter binds other receptors and increases membrane permeability to potassium ions, these ions diffuse outward hyperpolarizing the membrane
  • Hyperpolarizing
  • GABA
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13
Q

monoamines

A
  • modified amino acids
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14
Q

neuropeptides

A
  • These peptides act as neurotransmitters or a neuromodulators, which are substances that alter a neurons response to a neurotransmitter or block the release of a neurotransmitter.
  • enkephalins and endorphins
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15
Q

enkephalins

A

-Generally inhibitory; reduce pain by inhibiting substance P release (CNS)

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16
Q

glutamic acid (glutamate)

A

-Generally excitatory (CNS)

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17
Q

monoamine oxidase

A
  • Inactivates the monoamine neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine after reuptake
  • It is found in the mitochondria in the synaptic knob
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18
Q

serotonin

A

-Primarily inhibitory; leads to sleepiness; action is blocked by LSD, enhanced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant drugs (CNS)

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19
Q

tryptophan

A
  • Neurotransmitter affected: Serotonin
  • Mechanism of Action: Stimulates neurotransmitter synthesis
  • Effect: sleepiness
20
Q

dopamine

A
  • Creates a sense of well-being; deficiency in some brain areas associated with Parkinson disease (CNS)
21
Q

GABA

A
  • Generally inhibitory (CNS)
22
Q

endorphins

A

-Any group of neuropeptides synthesized in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus that suppress pain

23
Q

meninges

A
  • located between the bone and the soft tissues of the nervous system
  • They have three layers the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater
24
Q

spinal nerves

A

-Nerves that arise from the spinal cord

25
Q

reflex arc

A
  • Components of a reflex, consisting of a sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector
  • protection
26
Q

patellar knee jerk reflex

A
  • example of a simple monosynaptic reflex, so-called because it uses only two neurons- a sensory neuron communicating directly to a motor neuron.
27
Q

ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord

A
  • ascending tracts of the spinal cord are afferent information dealing with sensory neurons
  • descending tracts of the spinal cord deal with efferent information and motor neurons
28
Q

central nervous system

A

-Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

29
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

-Consists of cranial and spinal nerves

30
Q

sensory receptors

A
  • The ends of neurons in the peripheral nervous system provide the sensory function of the nervous system.
  • These receptors gather information by detecting changes inside and outside of the body.
31
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-Communicates instructions from the CNS that control viscera, and thus causes involuntary subconscious actions; heart and various glands

32
Q

sympathetic division

A
  • That part of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
  • “fight or flight”
33
Q

parasympathetic division

A
  • Part of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord
  • “rest and digest”
34
Q

interneurons

A
  • they lie within the brain or spinal cord

- relay information from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another.

35
Q

projecting neurons

A

-Broadly defined, projection neurons are neurons whose axons extend from the neuronal cell body within the central nervous system (CNS) to one or more distant regions of the CNS.

36
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A
  • essentially mirror images of each other
37
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

-extensions of the cerebral cortex just beneath the frontal lobes

38
Q

optic chiasm

A
  • X-shaped structure on the underside of the brain formed by optic nerve fibers that cross over
39
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • Part of the brain located below the thalamus and forming the floor of the third ventricle
  • ANS: controlling our emotional state
40
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that consists of anterior and posterior lobes; the hypophysis
41
Q

midbrain

A
  • Small region of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons
42
Q

pons

A
  • Part of the brainstem above the medulla oblongata and below the midbrain
43
Q

cerebellum

A
  • communicates with other parts of the CNS by tracts; integrates sensory information concerning the position of body parts; coordinates muscle activities and maintains posture
44
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • Part of the brainstem between the pons and the spinal cord
45
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A
  • separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum
46
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • communicates voluntary instructions originating in the CNS to skeletal muscles, causing contractions.

Anatomy (17 decks)

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