List #6 Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
fascia
A
-layers of dense connective tissue that holds individual skeletal muscle in position.
2
Q
myosin
A
-thick protein filament (dark)
3
Q
actin
A
-thin protein filament (light)
4
Q
sacromeres
A
- The striations form a repeating pattern of units along tac muscle fiber
5
Q
I-bands
A
- The light bands, composed of thin actin filaments held by direct attachments to structures called Z lines
6
Q
Z-lines
A
-Found in the center of I-bands
7
Q
H-zones
A
- A slightly lighter central region consisting only of thick filaments found in the A-band
8
Q
A-bands
A
-The second part of the striation pattern, which composes thick myosin filaments overlapping thin actin filaments
9
Q
M-lines
A
- Consists of proteins that help hold the thick filaments in place, found in the A band in a thicker section.
10
Q
myosin crossbridges
A
-A myosin head can attach to an actin binding site forming a cross-bridge, and bend slightly, pulling on the actin filament
11
Q
ATPases
A
- An enzyme found in myosin heads
- it catalyzes the breakdown of ATP to ADP and a phosphate
12
Q
tropomyosin
A
-rod-shaped and occupy the longitudinal grooves of the actin helix
13
Q
troponin
A
-three protein subunits and are attached to actin
14
Q
sarcoplasmic reticulum
A
- corresponds to the endoplasmic reticulum. Membranous channels in the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber that surrounds each myofibril and runs parallel to it.
15
Q
transverse tubules
A
- A set of membranous channels that extends into the sarcoplasm as invaginations continuous with the sarcolemma and contains extracellular fluid
16
Q
triads
A
-Region where the actin and myosin filaments overlap
17
Q
sliding filament theory
A
- When sarcomeres shorten, the thick and thin filaments do not change length
18
Q
neuromuscular junction
A
- The synapse where a motor neuron axon and a skeletal muscle fibers.
- Here the muscle fiber membrane is specialized to form a motor end plate, where nuclei and mitochondria are abundant and the sarcolemma is extensively folded.
19
Q
lower motor neurons
A
- Neurons that control effectors, including skeletal muscle fibers.
- Normally a skeletal muscle fiber contracts only upon stimulation by its motor neuron
20
Q
motor end plates
A
- Where nuclei and mitochondria are abundant and the sarcolemma is extensively folded.
21
Q
motor unit
A
- Together a motor neuron and a muscle fiber control it
22
Q
synaptic cleft
A
- A small gap that separates the membrane of the neuron and the membrane of the muscle fiber
23
Q
neurotransmitters
A
- Biological messenger molecules that convey neural information
24
Q
synaptic vesicles
A
-tiny vesicles that stores neurotransmitters
25
acetylcholine (ACh)
- The neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal muscle contraction.
26
acetylcholinesterase
- An enzyme that rapidly decomposes acetylcholine remaining in the synapse.
27
myasthenia gravis
- grave muscular weakness
- The body produces antibodies that target receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on skeletal muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions
28
peristalsis
- Alternare contractions and relaxations of the longitudinal and circular muscles.
- In the intestines it pushes food down the digestive tract
29
dendrites
- Small cellular processes that receive input
30
axons
- A longer process than dendrites(nerve fiber) , and carries the information away from the cell in the form of impulses
31
cell body(perikaryon) of neuron
- It contains granular cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi apparatus, and many microtubules.
32
chromatophilic substance (Nissl substance)
- consist mainly of rough endoplasmic reticulum
33
Schwan cells
-neuroglia that encase the large axons of peripheral neurons in lipid-rich sheaths (PNS)
34
myelin
- layers that consist of several types of lipids and proteins
35
nodes of Ranvier
-Narrow gaps in the myelin sheath between Schwann cells
36
trigger zone (axon hillock)
- In a multipolar neron, the first part of the axon the cone-shaped axon hillock or initial segment
37
astrocytes
- provide support and hold structures together with abundant cellular processes
- aid metabolism of certain substances, and they may help regulate the concentrations of important ions in the interstitial space of nervous tissues
38
oligodendrocytes
- A type of neuroglia that produces myelin rather than a Schwann cell. (CNS)
39
microglia
- Small cells that have fewer processes than other types of neuroglia
40
ependyma
- Cuboidal or columnar cells in shape and may have cilia.
| - They form the inner lining of the central canal that extends downward through the spinal cord
41
ventricles
-Ependymal cells also form a one-cell-thick epithelial-like membrane that covers the inside of spaces in the brain
42
central canal
-Extends downward from the spinal cord
43
choroid plexuses
- Specialized capillaries associated with the ventricles of the brain
- They regulate the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid
44
buccinator
origin: Alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible
insertion: orbicularis oris
action: compresses cheeks
45
platysma
origin: Fascia in upper chest
insertion: skin and muscles below mouth; mandible
action: depresses lower lip and angle of mouth as when pouting
46
levator scapulae
origin: transverse processes of cervical vertebra
insertion: medial border of scapula
action: elevates scapula
47
pectoralis major
origin: clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages of upper ribs
insertion: intertubercular groove
action: flexes shoulder, adducts, and rotates arm medially
48
coracobrachialis
origin: coracoid process of scapula
insertion: medial mid-shaft of humerus
action: flexes shoulder and adducts arm
49
teres major
origin: lateral border of scapula
insertion: intertubercular groove
action: extends shoulder, adducts, and rotates arm medially
50
subscapularis
origin: anterior surface of scapula
insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
action: rotates are medially
51
infraspinatus
origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
action: rotates arm laterally
52
brachioradialis
origin: distal lateral end of humerus
insertion: lateral surface of radius above styloid process
action: flexes elbow
53
triceps brachii
origin: tubercle below glenoid cavity and lateral and posterior surfaces of the humerus
insertion: olecranon process of ulna
action: extends the elbow
54
plantaris
origin: femur
insertion: calcaneus
action: plantar flexion of foot, flexes knee
