Chapter 7 Review Flashcards
epiphysis
- Located at the end of a long bone and articulates with another bone to form a joint
articular cartilage
- A layer of hyaline cartilage that coats the articulating portion of the epiphysis.
diaphysis
- The shaft of the bone
metaphysis
-the widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis
periosteum
- A tough, vascular covering of dense connective tissue, except for the articular cartilage on its ends.
- Form and repair bone tissue
compact bone
-tightly packed tissue
spongy bone
-thick layers of compact bone on their surfaces
short bone
-Short bones: cube like, with roughly equal lengths and widths. Tarsals and Carpals
flat bone
-Flat bones: platelike structures with road surfaces, such as ribs, scapula, and some bones in the skull
irregular bone
-Irregular bones: variety of shapes, most are connected to several other bones. Vertebrae that compose the back bone and many facial bones.
medullary cavity
- A hollow chamber formed by a tube in the diaphysis of a long bone.
endosteum
- a thin membrane containing bone-forming cells
- it lines the medullar cavities
marrow
-a specialized type of connective tissue
osteocytes
-bone cells
osteon(Haversian canal)
-central canal of bone cells
lamellae
-layers of extracellular matrix in compact bone
lacunae
-bony chambers, which house osteocytes
canaliculi
-way for cells to travel throughout the bone
perforating canals(Volkmann’s canals)
connects the central canals
intramembranous bones
- flat bones
- skull, clavicle, sternum, mandible, maxillae, and zygomatic
endochondral bones
-develops from hyaline cartilage
osteoblasts
-bone forming cells
osteoclasts
- Large multinucleate cells that break down the calcified matrix.
intramembranous ossification
- The process of replacing embryonic connective tissue to form an intramembranous bone.
endochondral ossification
- The process of forming an endochondral bone by replacement of hyaline cartilage.
epiphyseal plate
- As spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage called epiphyseal plate.
- Allow for growth of bones; growth plates
Vitamin D
-necessary for proper absorption of dietary calcium in the small intestine
Vitamin A
-necessary for osteoblast and osteoclast activity during normal development
Vitamin C
-required for collagen synthesis
growth hormone
-stimulates division of cartilage cells int he epiphyseal plates
thyroxine
-stimulates replacement of cartilage in the epiphyseal plates of long bones with bone tissue
parathyroid hormone
-stimulates an increase in the number and activity of osteoclasts
hematopoiesis
- The process of blood cell formation, which regis in the yolk sac outside of the embryo
- Areas where blood cells are produced: bone marrow, liver (fetal development), spleen (fetal dev.), and yolk sack (fetal dev.)
red marrow
- red blood cells(erythrocytes)
- white blood cells(leukocytes)
- blood platelets form
yellow marrow
- stores fat
- does not produce blood cells
hyoid bone
- Located in the neck between the lower jaw and larynx.
- It doesn’t articulate with any other bones but is fixed in position by muscles and ligaments.
- supports the tongue and is an attachment for certain muscles that help move the tongue during swallowing
malleus
- An auditory ossicle which are attached to the wall of the tympanic cavity by tiny ligaments and are covered by mucous membrane
- The tympanic membrane vibrates the malleus which vibrates the incus
incus
- An auditory ossicle which are attached to the wall of the tympanic cavity by tiny ligaments and are covered by mucous membrane
- Pases the vibration on to the stapes
stapes
- An auditory ossicle which are attached to the wall of the tympanic cavity by tiny ligaments and are covered by mucous membrane
- this vibration its like piston at the oval window and transfers the vibrations to a fluid within the inner ear
deltoid tuberosity
- A rough V shaped area near the middle of the humerus’s bony shaft on the lateral side
fovea capitis
- Found on the head of the femur its a pit that marks the attachment of a ligament
ischial spine
- A sharp projection located above the ischial tuberosity, near the junction of the ilium and ischium
manubrium
- One of the three parts of the sternum. It articulates with the clavicles
mandibular fossa
- Depressions found in the internal ear structures housed in the temporal bone.
internal & external meatuses
- Internal is located on the floor of the cranial cavity in the temporal bone. Branches of facial and vestibulocochlear nerves and blood vessels (7&8).
- External is located near the inferior margin which leads inward to parts of the ear.
supraorbital & infraorbital foramina
- Supra is in the frontal bone and has blood vessels and nerves that pass to the tissues in the forehead.
- Infra is located below the orbit in the maxillary bone. Infraorbital blood vessels and nerves pass through it.
occipital condyles
- Located on each side of the foramen magnum, it articulates with the first vertebra(atlas).
coronoid process of mandible
- Provides attachments for muscles used in chewing.
mandibular fossa
- Location: Near point of jaw in mandible
- Major structures: Mental nerve and blood vessels
sesamoid bones
- A special type of short bone. Usually small and nodular and embedded in a tendon adjacent to a joint, where the tendon is compressed. The patella is a sesamoid bone.
wormian bones
- extra bones found in sutures
coccyx
- the lowest part of the vertebral column and is usually composed of four vertebrae that fuse between the ages of twenty-five and thirty
capitulum
- One of the two smooth condyles on the humerus and is on the lateral side
trochlea
- One of the two smooth condyles on the humerus it is on the medial side and is shaped like a pulley.
acromegaly
- The secretion of excess growth hormone, in which hands, feet, and jaw enlarge.
long bones
-Long bones: longitudinal axes and expanded ends. Humerus and Femur bones.
