Test 2 Flashcards by Miranda Unknown

Fast acting
Reproductive system and nervous system

Neural control

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Regulated by interplay between nervous system and endocrine system

Reproductive system

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Transduce external stimuli into neural signals which bring about a change in the reproductive organs and tissues

Nervous system

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Neural control exerted by

Simple neural reflexes
Neuroendocrine reflexes

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Nerves release messages directly onto target tissues
Direct innervation of the target tissue by neuron

Simple neural reflexes

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A substance released by a neuron enter the blood and act on a target tissue
No direct innervation

Neuroendocrine reflexes

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Simple neural reflexes and Neuroendocrine reflexes cause _____changes in target tissues

Rapid

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Neural reflex

Sensory nerves —> inter neurons in spinal cord —> efferent nerves —> target tissue

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Substance of small molecular weight which is released from nerve terminals that caused other nerves to “fire” or causes contraction of smooth muscle that stimulates reproductive tract

Neurotransmitter

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Neuroendocrine reflex

Sensory nerves —> inter neurons in spinal cord —> efferent nerves —> hypothalamus —> target tissue

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Release excitatory neurotransmitters
Increase possibility of nerve “firing”

Excitatory neurons

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Release inhibitory neurotransmitters
Decrease possibility of nerve “firing”

Inhibitory neurons

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Postsynaptic action potential

“Firing” of nerve

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Neural control center for reproductive hormones
Complex portion of brain consisting of clusters of nerve cell bodies

Hypothalamus

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2 groups important in reproduction

Surge center
Tonic center

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System filled with cerebrospinal fluid that continually circulates through ventricles of subarachnoid spaces of the central nervous system

Ventricle system

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Ventricle system ventricles

Lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
Central canal

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Rapid response
Little dilution
Short 1/2 life

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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Slow acting

Endocrine control

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5 cell types in anterior pituitary gland

Gonadotropes
Somatotropes
Lactotropes
Corticotropes
Thyrotropes

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A substance produced by a gland that acts on a remote tissue to bring about a change in that tissue

Hormone

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Time required for one-half of a quantity of a hormone to disappear from the blood or from the body

Half-life

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A cell produces a hormone that acts on the SAME cell

Autocrine

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A cell produces a hormone that acts on a REMOTE cell

Endocrine

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A cell produces a hormone that acts on a NEARBY cell

Paracrine

Characteristics of reproductive hormones

Act in minute quantities Short half-lives Bind to specific receptors Regulate intracellular biochemical reactions

For hormone to act, must interact with a

Receptor

Reproductive hormones originate from

Hypothalamus Anterior and posterior pituitary Gonads Uterus Placenta

Produced by neurons in the hypothalamus Cause the release of other hormones by the anterior pituitary gland Generally less than 20 amino acids

Hypothalamic hormones

Released into blood from anterior and posterior pituitary glands

Pituitary hormones

Hypothalamic hormone example

GnRH

Pituitary hormone examples

FSH LH Prolactin Oxytocin

Originate from the gonads Affect function of hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and tissues of the reproductive tract Include secondary sex characteristics

Gonadal hormones

Estrogens, progestogens, inhibin, some testosterone, oxytocin and relaxin

Ovary gonadal hormones

Testosterone and other androgens, inhibin and some estrogens

Tested gonadal hormones

Prostaglandin F2alpha

Uterus gonadal hormones

Progesterone, estrogen, eCG, hCG

Placenta gonadal hormones

Synthesized by neurons and released directly into blood Cause a response in target tissues elsewhere in the body

Neurohormones

Neurohormone example

Oxytocin

Synthesized by neurons and cause release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary

Releasing hormones

Releasing hormone example

GnRH

Released by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland “tropin”

Gonadotropins

Gonadotropin examples

FSH LH

Causes follicular growth in ovary Stimulates Sertoli cells in testis

FSH

Causes ovulation and stimulation of CL in the ovary Causes testosterone production in testis

Produced by gonads to stimulate reproductive tract, to regulate function of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, and to regulate reproductive behavior Cause development of secondary sex characteristics

Sexual promoters

High concentrations during pregnancy eCG, hCG, placental lactogen

Pregnancy maintenance hormones

Mammary gland development

Placental lactogen

Cause destruction of the CL Prostaglandin F2alpha

Luteolytic hormones

Promote metabolic well being Exert indirect effect on reproduction

General metabolic hormones

3 types of biochemical classifications

Protein hormones Steroids Prostaglandins

Protein hormones <20 amino acids

Peptides

Polypeptide hormones which contain carbohydrate moieties 70 KD Can be composed of two side by side polypeptide chains with carbohydrates attached to each chain Increased amount of carbohydrate = increased half life

Glycoproteins

Hormones all contain the same alpha subunit but s unique beta subunit (FSH, LH)

Anterior pituitary

Glycoproteins Half - life =

Minutes to hours

> 20 amino acids Only peptide bonds to break down

Protein hormones

Core of all steroid hormones

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus

Synthesized from cholesterol Composed of 4 acetate rings Cholesterol, progesterone, testosterone, estradiol

Steroids

Number of carbons cholesterol

27 carbons

Number of carbons progesterone

21 carbons

Number of carbons testosterone

19 carbons

Number of carbons estradiol

18 carbons

Steroids half life

Hours to days

Synthesized from arachidonic acid Rapidly degraded in blood One of the most ubiquitous, physiological active substances in the body 20-carbon unsaturated hydroxy fatty acids

Prostaglandins

Prostaglandin half-life

Seconds

Receptors are part of plasma membrane

Protein hormones

Receptor in nucleus

Steroid hormones

Receptor in plasma membrane

Prostaglandin

Binds to receptor and elicits same biological effect as native hormone

Agonist

Binds to receptor but does not elicit same biological effect as native hormone

Antagonist

Receptor domain regions

Extracellular domain, transmembrane domain, intracellular domain

Site which binds specific hormone

Extracellular domain

Changed its configuration and activates other protein hormones in response to hormone binding at the Extracellular domain

Transmembrane domain

Function unclear

Intracellular domain

Types of hormone release

Episodic, basal, sustained

Associated with hormones under nervous control Nerves of the hypothalamus fire and neurohormones are released in a sudden burst or pulse

Episodic hormone release

Hormone stays low but fluctuates with low amplitude pulses

Basal hormone release

Hormone remains elevated, but a relatively steady fashion for a long period of time

Sustained hormone release

Fitting two adjacent pieces of a puzzle

Hormone-receptor binding

Hormone receptor complex activates a membrane-bound enzyme — adenylate Cyclades Mediated by a membrane- bound protein (G-protein) Activation of adenylate Cyclase

Adenylate cyclase activation

cAMP triggers activation of control enzymes called protein kinases Convert substrates into products Regulatory and catalytic subunits cAMP binds regulatory subunit and causes activation of catalytic subunit

Protein kinase activation

Products made by cell are generally secreted by the cell

Synthesis of new products

Physiological activity of a hormone depends on

Pattern and duration of secretion Half-life Receptor density Receptor-hormone affinity

Hormonal potency is influenced by

Receptor density Hormone receptor density

Promote synthesis of receptor

Up regulation

Inhibit synthesis of receptors

Down-regulation

Steroid hormones Metabolized in the liver - 2 methods

Double bonds within the steroid become saturated Attachment of sulfate or glucuronide residue

Leads to double bond reduction and inactivity of hormone

Double bonds within the steroid become saturated

Allows hormone to be secreted in urine or feces

Attachment of sulfate or glucuronide residue

Protein hormones are ____________ mostly

Glycoproteins

Removal of glycosylation sites Allows molecule to bind to cells Internalized and degraded in cytoplasm

Liver

Glycoprotein hormones <55,000 daltons are filtered through glomerulus Secreted into urine and eliminated

Kidneys

Radioactive hormones compete with

Native hormone

Amount of radioactive hormone that binds is

Inversely proportional to the concentration of unlabeled hormone in the animal’s blood

Advantage of no radioactivity Series of well-controlled steps to determine presence or absence of hormone Can also determine quantity of hormone present Relatively inexpensive

ELISA

1/2 life shortest to longest female

1. PGF2a 2. GnRH 3. prolactin 4. LH 5. FSH 6. hCG 7. eCG 8. Estradiol - 17B 9. Estradiol cypionate

Inherently female

Hypothalamus

Testosterone _______ the brain and eliminates ______ _______ _______ in males

1. Defeminizes 2. GnRH surge center

Male or female: surge and tonic center

Female

Male or female: tonic center only

Male

Produced by fetal liver Binds estradiol-17B and not testosterone

a-fetoprotein

Female alpha-fetoprotein

Binds estradiol-17B so it can’t cross the blood-brain barrier

Male alpha-fetoprotein

Doesn’t bind testosterone so it can cross the blood-brain barrier

Conversion of testosterone to estrogen-17B by aromatase Occurs in brain

Aromatization

Triggers changes in neurons of brain Surge center does not develop

Aromatization estrogen

Ability to accomplish reproduction successfully

Puberty

Requires development of specific hypothalamic neurons so that there is a release of adequate quantities of GnRH at appropriate frequencies

Pubertal onset

Puberty is influenced by

Acquisition of threshold body size Exposure to certain environmental and social cues Genetics of animal

Definition of puberty onset in female

Age at first estrus Age at first ovulation Age at which a female can support pregnancy

Definition of puberty onset in male

Age when behavioral traits are expressed Age at first ejaculation Age when spermatozoa fist appear in ejaculate Age when spermatozoa first appear in urine Age when ejaculate contains threshold number of spermatozoa

Onset of puberty requires high frequency _____ _______

GnRH pulses

Before puberty GnRH

Lower pulse frequency Lower pulse amplitude

After puberty GnRH

Higher pulse frequency Higher pulse amplitude

Age at puberty is influenced by

Breed Threshold body size External or social factors

External or social factors species: season of birth Photoperiod at time of pubertal onset

Sheep

External or social factors species: Density of housing groups (same sex)

Swine

External or social factors species: Presence of opposite sex during peripubertal period

Swine and cattle

Controlled by ability of hypothalamus to secrete GnRH in sufficient quantities NOT due to anterior pituitary’s ability to produce LH and FSH NOT due to gonads ability to respond to LH and FSH

Onset of puberty

Rheostatically controlled light switch

Development of hypothalamus

Hypothalamic GnRH centers

Tonic Surge (preovulatory)

GnRH neurons must “fire” frequently and release large quantities of GnRH to induce the LH surge

Preovulatory GnRH surge

Tonic center must also mature in function to regulate

Tonic frequency of LH pulses

Controlled by a “pulse generator” to read

Internal and external signals to induce GnRH release and onset of puberty

Prepubertal female has lack of _____ _______ to stimulate ______ ________

1. Gonadal estradiol 2. Surge center

Surge center is quite sensitive to _______ __________

Estradiol feedback

Main endocrine profile difference between postpubertal males and females

LH surges in female but there are no LH surges in male

Nutrients utilized for maintenance

Degree of fatness: newborn

Energy consumption increases Body mass increases Relative surface area of body decreases

Degree of fatness: growing neonate

Both ____ and ________ are important to onset of puberty

Age Fatness

Hormonal peptide produced by fat cells

Leptin

The amount of leptin in blood is directly related to the amount of ___ ____ ____ ______

Fat in the body

Leptin receptors are in

Liver Kidney Heart Skeletal muscles Pancreas Anterior pituitary Hypothalamus

What is not known in males

Mechanism of fatness for puberty

Environmental and social conditions

Season of birth and photoperiod Social cues Pheromones in urine Olfactory recognition

At puberty, female enters state of __________ ______

Reproductive cyclicity

Provide female with repeated opportunities to become pregnant If conception does occur, then female enters a period of anestrus during pregnancy which ends after parturition, uterine involution and lactation

Estrous cycle

Estrus is a

Noun

Estrous is an

Adjective

“Heat” Period of sexual receptivity

Estrus

Period from 1st estrus to the next

Estrous cycle

Uniform distribution of estrous cycles throughout the entire year

Polyestrus

“Clusters” of estrous that occur during a certain season

Seasonally polyestrus

Short-day breeder

Sheep

Long-day breeder

Horses

Only one estrous cycle per year Periods of estrus last for several days

Monoestrus

Period from regression of CL to ovulation Generally short, <20% of cycle

Follicular phase

Follicular phase structure

Follicle

Follicular phase hormone

Estradiol

Period from ovulation to CL regression Very long, ~80% of cycle

Luteal phase

Luteal phase structure

Luteal phase hormone

Progesterone

Follicles do or don’t continue to grow during luteal phase

Formation of ovulatory follicles E2 secretion

Proestrus

Sexual receptivity Peak E2 secretion

Estrus

CL formation Beginning of P4 secretion

Metestrus

Sustained luteal secretion of P4

Diestrus

Period immediately before estrus 2-5 days in length Due to FSH and LH Progesterone dominance to estradiol dominance

Proestrus

Estradiol is dominant and at peak levels Mating posture Ovulation for all species but cow Visible behavioral symptoms

Estrus

Period between ovulation and formation of function CL P4 levels increase over this period Ovulation occurs at start of this period in cattle

Metestrus

Period from formation of fully functional CL to lysis of the CL Longest stage of estrous cycle 10-14 days in length Females don’t display sexual receptivity m

Diestrus

Dog estrous cycle phases

Proestrus, estrus, Diestrus, anestrus

Cat estrous cycle phases

Proestrus estrus proestrus, Diestrus and anestrus

Cat polyestrous cycles: Felids

Induced ovulated Compilation induces LH surge

Interestrus period following estrus in Queen that has not been induced to ovulate by copulation

Postestrus

“Without cyclicity” Ovaries remain inactive

Anestrus

Anestrus can be caused by

Pregnancy Lactation Presence of offspring Season Stress Pathology

Events that occur between the onset of two successive menstrual periods

Menstrual cycle

Sloughing of the endometrium to the exterior

Menses

Follicular phase menses length

2 to 5 days

Follicular phase proliferative phase length

9 days

Luteal phase secretory phase length

14 days

Ovulation occurs on day

Anestrus in women

Amenorrhea

4 events take place during follicular phase

gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary Follicular preparation for ovulation Sexual receptivity Ovulation

Place in order the following items associated with the effect of photoperiod on short day breeders Superior cervical ganglion GnRH Short day length LH Pinealocyte Hypothalamus Retina Suprachiasmatic nucleas Anterior pituitary Melatonin

1. Short day length 2. Retina 3. Superchiasmatic nucleas 4. Superior cervical ganglion 5. Pinealocyte 6. Melatonin 7. Hypothalamus 8. GnRH 9. Anterior pituitary 10. LH

Rank the following hormones with regard to half-life from shortest to longest Prolactin eCG PGF2a Estradiol benzoate LH hCG Oxytocin Estradiol-17B FSH

1. PGF2a 2. Oxytocin 3. Prolactin 4. LH 5. FSH 6. hCG 7. eCG 8. Estradiol-17B 9. Estradiol Benzoate

Would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be shortened or would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be delayed: Exposing ewes to rams

Shortened

Would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be shortened or would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be delayed: Limiting suckling sessions to 4 times per day in the beef cow

Delayed

Would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be shortened or would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be delayed: Utilizing beef cows that lose weight following calving

Delayed

Would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be shortened or would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be delayed: Bottle feeding a baby following 4 months of breast feeding in humans

Shortened

Would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be shortened or would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be delayed: Weaning piglets from sows at 21 days of age

Shortened

Would you expect age at puberty to be sooner/younger or would you expect age at puberty to be later/older: Utilize ewe lambs that were born in the spring

Sooner/younger

Would you expect age at puberty to be sooner/younger or would you expect age at puberty to be later/older: Decrease the number of gilts per pen

Later/older

Would you expect age at puberty to be sooner/younger or would you expect age at puberty to be later/older: Increase the average daily gain (growth rate) of dairy heifers

Sooner/younger

Would you expect age at puberty to be sooner/younger or would you expect age at puberty to be later/older: Provide gilts with daily boar exposure beginning at appropriate time

Sooner/younger

Would you expect age at puberty to be sooner/younger or would you expect age at puberty to be later/older: Feed beef to heifers to achieve a high growth rate

Sooner/younger

What estrous cycle to pigs exhibit

Polyestrus

What estrous cycle to deer exhibit

Seasonally polyestrus

What estrous cycle to horse exhibit

Seasonally polyestrus

What estrous cycle to wolf exhibit

Monoestrus

Estrous cycle that is 17 days in length is for which species

Cat

Estrous cycle that is diestrus only occurs after mating is for which species

Cat

Estrous cycle that contains a metestrus sub-phase is a _____ estrous cycle

Typical

Estrous cycle that contains an anestrus sub-phase if for which species

Dog

Estrous cycle that contains a post-estrus sub-phase is for which species

Cat

Estrous cycle that the proestrus sub-phase lasts for 9 days is for which species

Dog

Produced by all tissues of the body Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

Prostaglandin hormone

A pair of hormone:receptor complexes bind to the DNA Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

Steroid hormone

Derived from cholesterol Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

Steroid hormone

Requires a binding protein to move through the blood Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

Steroid hormone

Hormone is rendered inactive upon saturation of double bonds in liver Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

Steroid hormone

Is conjugated to sulfated or glucoronides for excretion in urine or feces Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

Steroid hormone

Activates cAMP and protein kinases following binding to its receptor Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

Protein hormone

Receptor is located in the nucleus Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

Steroid hormone

Glycoproteins are removed allowing molecule to bind to liver cells Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

Protein hormone

Derives from arachidonic acid Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

Prostaglandin hormone

Produce growth hormone

Somatotropes

Produce high amplitude GnRH

Surge center

Produce low amplitude GnRH

Tonic center

Produce leptin

Adipocytes

Produce oxytocin

Periventricular nucleus (PVN)

The luteal phase represents 50% of the cycle Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

Menstrual cycle

Ovulation occurs at the start/end of the cycle Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

Estrous cycle

No defined periods of sexual receptivity Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

Menstrual cycle

The follicular phase represents 20% of the cycle Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

Estrous cycle

Ovulation occurs in the middle of the cycle Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

Menstrual cycle

Sloughing of the endometrium to the exterior Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

Menstrual cycle

Estradiol-17B levels increase during the luteal phase of the cycle Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

Menstrual cycle

Which of these are not characteristic of sexual differentiation of the brain? A. Testosterone is converted to estradiol-17B by aromatase within the brain B. The surge center is defeminized by testosterone C. Estradiol-17B binds to alpha-fetoprotein, removing its lipid-like properties so that it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier D. Both A and C E. Both B and C

Which of the following is involved in luteolysis or regression of the corpus luteum? A. Counter-current exchange between the uterine artery and ovarian vein B. Counter-current exchange between the uterine vein and ovarian artery C. PGF2a passes through the lungs prior to reaching the ovary D. A and C E. B and C

Which of the following species can have a fertile first estrus following parturition? A. Sow B. Queen C. Mare D. B and C E. All of the above

Why is the hormone, GnRH, so difficult to measure? A. There are no RIA or ELISA tests available B. It is rapidly broken down in circulation (short 1/2 life) C. It must be sampled from the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal blood D. Both B and C E. All of the above

Which of the following would be characteristic of a radioimmunoassay (RIA)? A. Radioactive hormone competes with native hormone B. Amount of radioactive hormone that brings to inversely proportional to the amount of unlabeled hormone in the blood C. Relatively inexpensive compared to an ELISA D. A and B E. All of the above

Which of the following are important to promote attainment of puberty? A. Increased frequency of GnRH pulses B. Increased amplitude of GnRH pulses C. Enough glucose in the blood to stimulate glucose sensing neurons in the brain D. Both A and B E. All of the above

Which of the following is the primary difference between the mechanisms associated with seasonal anestrus in the mare and ewe? A. The way the retina senses chances in the light:dark cycle B. How the pinealocytes produce melatonin C. The method by which the pinealocytes respond to excitatory neurons D. Response of the hypothalamus to melatonin E. A and D

Which of the following is characteristic of the process of progesterone priming? A. The first estrous cycle exhibited following anestrus is silent B. The first estrous cycle exhibited following anestrus may be shorter than normal C. Ovulation does not occur during the first estrous cycle exhibited following anestrus D. A and B E. All of the above

T/F: a neuroendocrine response involves the release of a neuron or one into the blood which then acts on a remote target tissue

True

T/F: A pregnancy test in women would be an example of a radioimmunoassay (RIA)

False

T/F: an antagonist is a substance which binds to a receptor and activated a similar cellular response to the native hormone

False

T/F: to perform an ELISA for measurement of hormone levels, both an antibody linked to a solid substrate and an antibody liked to an enzyme are required

True

T/F: the average length of the estrous cycle in the ewe is 21 days

False

T/F: the process of “progesterone priming” requires that the behavioral center of the brain to be exposed to estrogen so that a corpus luteum can be formed during the next estrous cycle

False

T/F: the hormone, progesterone, is released in an episodic manner

False

T/F: the specialized region (nuclei) of the hypothalamus associated with the posterior pituitary gland is called periventricular nucleus (PVN)

True

T/F: the average duration of estrus in the female cat (Queen) is 8 days

False

T/F: a good landmark for the hypothalamic nerve centers within the brain that are associated with reproduction is the third ventricle

True

French soldiers eating frog legs in North Africa caused two outbreaks of

Priapism

What material is extracted from a beetle

Cantharidin

Painful and prolonged penile erection

Priapism

The word pituitary is derived from the Latin word…

Pituita - means mucus

The existence of the pituitary gland was recognized as early as

200 AD

The pituitary gland was thought to be a

Mucus secreting organ for lubrication of the throat

The dramatic effects of male castration have been recognized for over

2,000 years

The testis was known to control

Virility and sterility

Warriors thought that eating ______ of their enemy increased courage

Hearts

Eating _______ of sheep was thought to improve the intelligence of the mentally challenged

Thyroids

Eating liver from ______ cured liver ailments

Wolves

Eating ______ from rabbits cured nervousness

Brains

Eating _____ from foxes cured respiratory disorders

Lungs

Eating ____ _______ was believed to increase sexual prowess

Sex glands

Brown-séquard injected himself with

Testicular extracts

The leading cause of death in the early 1900s in young women was

Childbirth - bleeding to death

What is administered to women to prevent bleeding during childbirth as well as to enhance uterine contractions for expulsion of the fetus?

Oxytocin

The jest account of reproductive physiology was recorded in about _______ in ___________

1. 3200 BC 2. Mesopotamia

Whether or not the sprouts germinated determined the

Pregnancy status

Women wishing to know their pregnancy stays would insert an _______ into the vagina

Onion

Species that males and females must be paired before they reach puberty

Clouded leopards

It is said that puberty begins during the ______ in children

Night

It seems as if these increases in GnRH secretion are associated with ____ stages of sleep

REM (rapid eye movement)

______ choirs were composed of adult male singers castrated in boyhood so as to retain soprano or alto voices

Castrato

The age of puberty in girls is ______

Decreasing

Puberty occurred at about ___ years of age in the mid ____ in _______

1. 17 2. 1800s 3. Norway

Today reproductive endpoint occurs at ___ years of age in _____ and ____

1. 12 2. Europe 3. U.S.

Naked mole rats dominant female called

The Queen

The queen uses ____ ______ to suppress puberty

Tactile stimulation

Rare individuals are diagnosed as males having a deficiency in receptors for

Androgens

Victorian women inserted wooden blocks inside their vaginas to obstruct the passage of _____

Sperm

The word menstrual is derived from the Latin word meaning

Month

In historical Latin folklore the moon was believed to regulate not only the tides of the sea, but also the monthly

Emotional tides of women

To offset females preying on males of their species, the males ______ after the female to

1.Hibernate 2. Breed sleeping females

One type of cystic ovarian disease results in

Nymphomania

Women were not employed in the opium industry during the ___ century because it was believed that menstruating women would make the opium _____

1. 19th 2. Bitter

The mouthbrooder fish is so called because fertilization actually takes place in the female’s

Mouth

Unlike humans, other animals apparently do not have

Menopause

The female African elephant remains reproductively competent until she is in her

Nineties

During the Middle Ages women throughout Europe hollowed out ____ _____ and used them to cover their _____ in the same way women use the diaphragm today

1. Lemon halves 2. Cervix

Initiated after luteolysis

Follicular phase

The follicular phase consists of

Proestrus and estrus

High progesterone during

Luteal phase

At luteolysis the ____ _____ of progesterone on the hypothalamus is removed

Negative feedback

4 events take place during follicular phase

Gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary Follicular preparation for ovulation Sexual receptivity Ovulation

Follicular phase is governed by

Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Ovary

Plays an obligatory role Releases GnRH which is at the top of the chain

Hypothalamus

Clustered of nerve cell bodies

Hypothalamic nuclei

2 types of hypothalamic nuclei

Surge Tonic

Tonic and surge centers of hypothalamus control

GnRH release

Surge center responds dramatically to high

Estradiol

Basal secretion of GnRH Neurons here - episodic profile

Tonic center

Release small pulses of GnRH over a long period of time Occurs spontaneously in rhythmical fashion

Episodic profile

Preovulatory center Preovulatory release of GnRH that stimulates a LH surge causing ovulation Releases basal levels of GnRH until it receives the appropriate signal

Surge Center

The follicular phase only represents ___% of the estrous cycle

_____ ____ and ______ occur continuously throughout the estrous cycle

Follicle growth and degeneration

The majority of the follicles life is spent in the

Preantral stages

Small antral follicles: pig

Less than 3mm

Small antral follicles: mare

Less than 10mm

Medium antral follicles: pig

4-6mm

Medium antral follicles: mare

10-20mm

Large antral follicles: pig

Greater than 6mm

Large antral follicles: mare

Greater than 20mm

A cohort of small antral follicles and produce estradiol Some undergo atresia

Recruitment

A group of growing follicles which haven’t undergone atresia are selected

Selection

Involves emergence of dominant follicle(s) from cohort or already recruited antral follicles - may become the dominant follicles or may undergo atresia

dominance

Not perforated Occurs at all 3 levels

Atresia

___% of all follicles undergo atresia