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Repro > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fast acting
Reproductive system and nervous system

A

Neural control

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2
Q

Regulated by interplay between nervous system and endocrine system

A

Reproductive system

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3
Q

Transduce external stimuli into neural signals which bring about a change in the reproductive organs and tissues

A

Nervous system

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4
Q

Neural control exerted by

A

Simple neural reflexes
Neuroendocrine reflexes

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5
Q

Nerves release messages directly onto target tissues
Direct innervation of the target tissue by neuron

A

Simple neural reflexes

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6
Q

A substance released by a neuron enter the blood and act on a target tissue
No direct innervation

A

Neuroendocrine reflexes

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7
Q

Simple neural reflexes and Neuroendocrine reflexes cause _____changes in target tissues

A

Rapid

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8
Q

Neural reflex

A

Sensory nerves —> inter neurons in spinal cord —> efferent nerves —> target tissue

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9
Q

Substance of small molecular weight which is released from nerve terminals that caused other nerves to “fire” or causes contraction of smooth muscle that stimulates reproductive tract

A

Neurotransmitter

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10
Q

Neuroendocrine reflex

A

Sensory nerves —> inter neurons in spinal cord —> efferent nerves —> hypothalamus —> target tissue

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11
Q

Release excitatory neurotransmitters
Increase possibility of nerve “firing”

A

Excitatory neurons

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12
Q

Release inhibitory neurotransmitters
Decrease possibility of nerve “firing”

A

Inhibitory neurons

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13
Q

Postsynaptic action potential

A

“Firing” of nerve

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14
Q

Neural control center for reproductive hormones
Complex portion of brain consisting of clusters of nerve cell bodies

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

2 groups important in reproduction

A

Surge center
Tonic center

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16
Q

System filled with cerebrospinal fluid that continually circulates through ventricles of subarachnoid spaces of the central nervous system

A

Ventricle system

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17
Q

Ventricle system ventricles

A

Lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
Central canal

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18
Q

Rapid response
Little dilution
Short 1/2 life

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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19
Q

Slow acting

A

Endocrine control

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20
Q

5 cell types in anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Gonadotropes
  2. Somatotropes
  3. Lactotropes
  4. Corticotropes
  5. Thyrotropes
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21
Q

A substance produced by a gland that acts on a remote tissue to bring about a change in that tissue

A

Hormone

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22
Q

Time required for one-half of a quantity of a hormone to disappear from the blood or from the body

A

Half-life

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23
Q

A cell produces a hormone that acts on the SAME cell

A

Autocrine

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24
Q

A cell produces a hormone that acts on a REMOTE cell

A

Endocrine

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25
Q

A cell produces a hormone that acts on a NEARBY cell

A

Paracrine

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26
Q

Characteristics of reproductive hormones

A

Act in minute quantities
Short half-lives
Bind to specific receptors
Regulate intracellular biochemical reactions

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27
Q

For hormone to act, must interact with a

A

Receptor

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28
Q

Reproductive hormones originate from

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior and posterior pituitary
Gonads
Uterus
Placenta

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29
Q

Produced by neurons in the hypothalamus
Cause the release of other hormones by the anterior pituitary gland
Generally less than 20 amino acids

A

Hypothalamic hormones

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30
Q

Released into blood from anterior and posterior pituitary glands

A

Pituitary hormones

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31
Q

Hypothalamic hormone example

A

GnRH

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32
Q

Pituitary hormone examples

A

FSH
LH
Prolactin
Oxytocin

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33
Q

Originate from the gonads
Affect function of hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and tissues of the reproductive tract
Include secondary sex characteristics

A

Gonadal hormones

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34
Q

Estrogens, progestogens, inhibin, some testosterone, oxytocin and relaxin

A

Ovary gonadal hormones

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35
Q

Testosterone and other androgens, inhibin and some estrogens

A

Tested gonadal hormones

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36
Q

Prostaglandin F2alpha

A

Uterus gonadal hormones

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37
Q

Progesterone, estrogen, eCG, hCG

A

Placenta gonadal hormones

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38
Q

Synthesized by neurons and released directly into blood
Cause a response in target tissues elsewhere in the body

A

Neurohormones

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39
Q

Neurohormone example

A

Oxytocin

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40
Q

Synthesized by neurons and cause release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary

A

Releasing hormones

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41
Q

Releasing hormone example

A

GnRH

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42
Q

Released by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland “tropin”

A

Gonadotropins

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43
Q

Gonadotropin examples

A

FSH
LH

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44
Q

Causes follicular growth in ovary
Stimulates Sertoli cells in testis

A

FSH

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45
Q

Causes ovulation and stimulation of CL in the ovary
Causes testosterone production in testis

A

LH

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46
Q

Produced by gonads to stimulate reproductive tract, to regulate function of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, and to regulate reproductive behavior
Cause development of secondary sex characteristics

A

Sexual promoters

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47
Q

High concentrations during pregnancy
eCG, hCG, placental lactogen

A

Pregnancy maintenance hormones

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48
Q

Mammary gland development

A

Placental lactogen

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49
Q

Cause destruction of the CL
Prostaglandin F2alpha

A

Luteolytic hormones

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50
Q

Promote metabolic well being
Exert indirect effect on reproduction

A

General metabolic hormones

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51
Q

3 types of biochemical classifications

A

Protein hormones
Steroids
Prostaglandins

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52
Q

Protein hormones
<20 amino acids

A

Peptides

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53
Q

Polypeptide hormones which contain carbohydrate moieties 70 KD
Can be composed of two side by side polypeptide chains with carbohydrates attached to each chain
Increased amount of carbohydrate = increased half life

A

Glycoproteins

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54
Q

Hormones all contain the same alpha subunit but s unique beta subunit (FSH, LH)

A

Anterior pituitary

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55
Q

Glycoproteins Half - life =

A

Minutes to hours

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56
Q

> 20 amino acids
Only peptide bonds to break down

A

Protein hormones

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57
Q

Core of all steroid hormones

A

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus

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58
Q

Synthesized from cholesterol
Composed of 4 acetate rings
Cholesterol, progesterone, testosterone, estradiol

A

Steroids

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59
Q

Number of carbons cholesterol

A

27 carbons

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60
Q

Number of carbons progesterone

A

21 carbons

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61
Q

Number of carbons testosterone

A

19 carbons

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62
Q

Number of carbons estradiol

A

18 carbons

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63
Q

Steroids half life

A

Hours to days

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64
Q

Synthesized from arachidonic acid
Rapidly degraded in blood
One of the most ubiquitous, physiological active substances in the body
20-carbon unsaturated hydroxy fatty acids

A

Prostaglandins

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65
Q

Prostaglandin half-life

A

Seconds

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66
Q

Receptors are part of plasma membrane

A

Protein hormones

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67
Q

Receptor in nucleus

A

Steroid hormones

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68
Q

Receptor in plasma membrane

A

Prostaglandin

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69
Q

Binds to receptor and elicits same biological effect as native hormone

A

Agonist

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70
Q

Binds to receptor but does not elicit same biological effect as native hormone

A

Antagonist

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71
Q

Receptor domain regions

A

Extracellular domain, transmembrane domain, intracellular domain

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72
Q

Site which binds specific hormone

A

Extracellular domain

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73
Q

Changed its configuration and activates other protein hormones in response to hormone binding at the Extracellular domain

A

Transmembrane domain

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74
Q

Function unclear

A

Intracellular domain

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75
Q

Types of hormone release

A

Episodic, basal, sustained

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76
Q

Associated with hormones under nervous control
Nerves of the hypothalamus fire and neurohormones are released in a sudden burst or pulse

A

Episodic hormone release

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77
Q

Hormone stays low but fluctuates with low amplitude pulses

A

Basal hormone release

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78
Q

Hormone remains elevated, but a relatively steady fashion for a long period of time

A

Sustained hormone release

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79
Q

Fitting two adjacent pieces of a puzzle

A

Hormone-receptor binding

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80
Q

Hormone receptor complex activates a membrane-bound enzyme — adenylate Cyclades
Mediated by a membrane- bound protein (G-protein)
Activation of adenylate Cyclase

A

Adenylate cyclase activation

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81
Q

cAMP triggers activation of control enzymes called protein kinases
Convert substrates into products
Regulatory and catalytic subunits
cAMP binds regulatory subunit and causes activation of catalytic subunit

A

Protein kinase activation

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82
Q

Products made by cell are generally secreted by the cell

A

Synthesis of new products

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83
Q

Physiological activity of a hormone depends on

A

Pattern and duration of secretion
Half-life
Receptor density
Receptor-hormone affinity

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84
Q

Hormonal potency is influenced by

A

Receptor density
Hormone receptor density

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85
Q

Promote synthesis of receptor

A

Up regulation

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86
Q

Inhibit synthesis of receptors

A

Down-regulation

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87
Q

Steroid hormones Metabolized in the liver - 2 methods

A

Double bonds within the steroid become saturated
Attachment of sulfate or glucuronide residue

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88
Q

Leads to double bond reduction and inactivity of hormone

A

Double bonds within the steroid become saturated

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89
Q

Allows hormone to be secreted in urine or feces

A

Attachment of sulfate or glucuronide residue

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90
Q

Protein hormones are ____________ mostly

A

Glycoproteins

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91
Q

Removal of glycosylation sites
Allows molecule to bind to cells
Internalized and degraded in cytoplasm

A

Liver

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92
Q

Glycoprotein hormones <55,000 daltons are filtered through glomerulus
Secreted into urine and eliminated

A

Kidneys

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93
Q

Radioactive hormones compete with

A

Native hormone

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94
Q

Amount of radioactive hormone that binds is

A

Inversely proportional to the concentration of unlabeled hormone in the animal’s blood

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95
Q

Advantage of no radioactivity
Series of well-controlled steps to determine presence or absence of hormone
Can also determine quantity of hormone present
Relatively inexpensive

A

ELISA

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96
Q

1/2 life shortest to longest female

A
  1. PGF2a
  2. GnRH
  3. prolactin
  4. LH
  5. FSH
  6. hCG
  7. eCG
  8. Estradiol - 17B
  9. Estradiol cypionate
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97
Q

Inherently female

A

Hypothalamus

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98
Q

Testosterone _______ the brain and eliminates ______ _______ _______ in males

A
  1. Defeminizes
  2. GnRH surge center
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99
Q

Male or female: surge and tonic center

A

Female

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100
Q

Male or female: tonic center only

A

Male

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101
Q

Produced by fetal liver
Binds estradiol-17B and not testosterone

A

a-fetoprotein

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102
Q

Female alpha-fetoprotein

A

Binds estradiol-17B so it can’t cross the blood-brain barrier

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103
Q

Male alpha-fetoprotein

A

Doesn’t bind testosterone so it can cross the blood-brain barrier

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104
Q

Conversion of testosterone to estrogen-17B by aromatase
Occurs in brain

A

Aromatization

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105
Q

Triggers changes in neurons of brain
Surge center does not develop

A

Aromatization estrogen

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106
Q

Ability to accomplish reproduction successfully

A

Puberty

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107
Q

Requires development of specific hypothalamic neurons so that there is a release of adequate quantities of GnRH at appropriate frequencies

A

Pubertal onset

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108
Q

Puberty is influenced by

A

Acquisition of threshold body size
Exposure to certain environmental and social cues
Genetics of animal

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109
Q

Definition of puberty onset in female

A

Age at first estrus
Age at first ovulation
Age at which a female can support pregnancy

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110
Q

Definition of puberty onset in male

A

Age when behavioral traits are expressed
Age at first ejaculation
Age when spermatozoa fist appear in ejaculate
Age when spermatozoa first appear in urine
Age when ejaculate contains threshold number of spermatozoa

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111
Q

Onset of puberty requires high frequency _____ _______

A

GnRH pulses

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112
Q

Before puberty GnRH

A

Lower pulse frequency
Lower pulse amplitude

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113
Q

After puberty GnRH

A

Higher pulse frequency
Higher pulse amplitude

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114
Q

Age at puberty is influenced by

A

Breed
Threshold body size
External or social factors

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115
Q

External or social factors species:
season of birth
Photoperiod at time of pubertal onset

A

Sheep

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116
Q

External or social factors species:
Density of housing groups (same sex)

A

Swine

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117
Q

External or social factors species:
Presence of opposite sex during peripubertal period

A

Swine and cattle

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118
Q

Controlled by ability of hypothalamus to secrete GnRH in sufficient quantities
NOT due to anterior pituitary’s ability to produce LH and FSH
NOT due to gonads ability to respond to LH and FSH

A

Onset of puberty

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119
Q

Rheostatically controlled light switch

A

Development of hypothalamus

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120
Q

Hypothalamic GnRH centers

A

Tonic
Surge (preovulatory)

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121
Q

GnRH neurons must “fire” frequently and release large quantities of GnRH to induce the LH surge

A

Preovulatory GnRH surge

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122
Q

Tonic center must also mature in function to regulate

A

Tonic frequency of LH pulses

123
Q

Controlled by a “pulse generator” to read

A

Internal and external signals to induce GnRH release and onset of puberty

124
Q

Prepubertal female has lack of _____ _______ to stimulate ______ ________

A
  1. Gonadal estradiol
  2. Surge center
125
Q

Surge center is quite sensitive to _______ __________

A

Estradiol feedback

126
Q

Main endocrine profile difference between postpubertal males and females

A

LH surges in female but there are no LH surges in male

127
Q

Nutrients utilized for maintenance

A

Degree of fatness: newborn

128
Q

Energy consumption increases
Body mass increases
Relative surface area of body decreases

A

Degree of fatness: growing neonate

129
Q

Both ____ and ________ are important to onset of puberty

A

Age
Fatness

130
Q

Hormonal peptide produced by fat cells

A

Leptin

131
Q

The amount of leptin in blood is directly related to the amount of ___ ____ ____ ______

A

Fat in the body

132
Q

Leptin receptors are in

A

Liver
Kidney
Heart
Skeletal muscles
Pancreas
Anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus

133
Q

What is not known in males

A

Mechanism of fatness for puberty

134
Q

Environmental and social conditions

A

Season of birth and photoperiod
Social cues
Pheromones in urine
Olfactory recognition

135
Q

At puberty, female enters state of __________ ______

A

Reproductive cyclicity

136
Q

Provide female with repeated opportunities to become pregnant
If conception does occur, then female enters a period of anestrus during pregnancy which ends after parturition, uterine involution and lactation

A

Estrous cycle

137
Q

Estrus is a

A

Noun

138
Q

Estrous is an

A

Adjective

139
Q

“Heat”
Period of sexual receptivity

A

Estrus

140
Q

Period from 1st estrus to the next

A

Estrous cycle

141
Q

Uniform distribution of estrous cycles throughout the entire year

A

Polyestrus

142
Q

“Clusters” of estrous that occur during a certain season

A

Seasonally polyestrus

143
Q

Short-day breeder

A

Sheep

144
Q

Long-day breeder

A

Horses

145
Q

Only one estrous cycle per year
Periods of estrus last for several days

A

Monoestrus

146
Q

Period from regression of CL to ovulation
Generally short, <20% of cycle

A

Follicular phase

147
Q

Follicular phase structure

A

Follicle

148
Q

Follicular phase hormone

A

Estradiol

149
Q

Period from ovulation to CL regression
Very long, ~80% of cycle

A

Luteal phase

150
Q

Luteal phase structure

A

CL

151
Q

Luteal phase hormone

A

Progesterone

152
Q

Follicles do or don’t continue to grow during luteal phase

A

Do

153
Q

Formation of ovulatory follicles
E2 secretion

A

Proestrus

154
Q

Sexual receptivity
Peak E2 secretion

A

Estrus

155
Q

CL formation
Beginning of P4 secretion

A

Metestrus

156
Q

Sustained luteal secretion of P4

A

Diestrus

157
Q

Period immediately before estrus
2-5 days in length
Due to FSH and LH
Progesterone dominance to estradiol dominance

A

Proestrus

158
Q

Estradiol is dominant and at peak levels
Mating posture
Ovulation for all species but cow
Visible behavioral symptoms

A

Estrus

159
Q

Period between ovulation and formation of function CL
P4 levels increase over this period
Ovulation occurs at start of this period in cattle

A

Metestrus

160
Q

Period from formation of fully functional CL to lysis of the CL
Longest stage of estrous cycle
10-14 days in length
Females don’t display sexual receptivity m

A

Diestrus

161
Q

Dog estrous cycle phases

A

Proestrus, estrus, Diestrus, anestrus

162
Q

Cat estrous cycle phases

A

Proestrus estrus proestrus, Diestrus and anestrus

163
Q

Cat polyestrous cycles: Felids

A

Induced ovulated
Compilation induces LH surge

164
Q

Interestrus period following estrus in Queen that has not been induced to ovulate by copulation

A

Postestrus

165
Q

“Without cyclicity”
Ovaries remain inactive

A

Anestrus

166
Q

Anestrus can be caused by

A

Pregnancy
Lactation
Presence of offspring
Season
Stress
Pathology

167
Q

Events that occur between the onset of two successive menstrual periods

A

Menstrual cycle

168
Q

Sloughing of the endometrium to the exterior

A

Menses

169
Q

Follicular phase menses length

A

2 to 5 days

170
Q

Follicular phase proliferative phase length

A

9 days

171
Q

Luteal phase secretory phase length

A

14 days

172
Q

Ovulation occurs on day

A

14

173
Q

Anestrus in women

A

Amenorrhea

174
Q

4 events take place during follicular phase

A

gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary
Follicular preparation for ovulation
Sexual receptivity
Ovulation

175
Q

Place in order the following items associated with the effect of photoperiod on short day breeders

Superior cervical ganglion
GnRH
Short day length
LH
Pinealocyte
Hypothalamus
Retina
Suprachiasmatic nucleas
Anterior pituitary
Melatonin

A
  1. Short day length
  2. Retina
  3. Superchiasmatic nucleas
  4. Superior cervical ganglion
  5. Pinealocyte
  6. Melatonin
  7. Hypothalamus
  8. GnRH
  9. Anterior pituitary
  10. LH
176
Q

Rank the following hormones with regard to half-life from shortest to longest

Prolactin
eCG
PGF2a
Estradiol benzoate
LH
hCG
Oxytocin
Estradiol-17B
FSH

A
  1. PGF2a
  2. Oxytocin
  3. Prolactin
  4. LH
  5. FSH
  6. hCG
  7. eCG
  8. Estradiol-17B
  9. Estradiol Benzoate
177
Q

Would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be shortened or would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be delayed:

Exposing ewes to rams

A

Shortened

178
Q

Would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be shortened or would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be delayed:

Limiting suckling sessions to 4 times per day in the beef cow

A

Delayed

179
Q

Would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be shortened or would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be delayed:

Utilizing beef cows that lose weight following calving

A

Delayed

180
Q

Would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be shortened or would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be delayed:

Bottle feeding a baby following 4 months of breast feeding in humans

A

Shortened

181
Q

Would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be shortened or would you expect return to cyclicity following parturition to be delayed:

Weaning piglets from sows at 21 days of age

A

Shortened

182
Q

Would you expect age at puberty to be sooner/younger or would you expect age at puberty to be later/older:

Utilize ewe lambs that were born in the spring

A

Sooner/younger

183
Q

Would you expect age at puberty to be sooner/younger or would you expect age at puberty to be later/older:

Decrease the number of gilts per pen

A

Later/older

184
Q

Would you expect age at puberty to be sooner/younger or would you expect age at puberty to be later/older:

Increase the average daily gain (growth rate) of dairy heifers

A

Sooner/younger

185
Q

Would you expect age at puberty to be sooner/younger or would you expect age at puberty to be later/older:

Provide gilts with daily boar exposure beginning at appropriate time

A

Sooner/younger

186
Q

Would you expect age at puberty to be sooner/younger or would you expect age at puberty to be later/older:

Feed beef to heifers to achieve a high growth rate

A

Sooner/younger

187
Q

What estrous cycle to pigs exhibit

A

Polyestrus

188
Q

What estrous cycle to deer exhibit

A

Seasonally polyestrus

189
Q

What estrous cycle to horse exhibit

A

Seasonally polyestrus

190
Q

What estrous cycle to wolf exhibit

A

Monoestrus

191
Q

Estrous cycle that is 17 days in length is for which species

A

Cat

192
Q

Estrous cycle that is diestrus only occurs after mating is for which species

A

Cat

193
Q

Estrous cycle that contains a metestrus sub-phase is a _____ estrous cycle

A

Typical

194
Q

Estrous cycle that contains an anestrus sub-phase if for which species

A

Dog

195
Q

Estrous cycle that contains a post-estrus sub-phase is for which species

A

Cat

196
Q

Estrous cycle that the proestrus sub-phase lasts for 9 days is for which species

A

Dog

197
Q

Produced by all tissues of the body

Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

A

Prostaglandin hormone

198
Q

A pair of hormone:receptor complexes bind to the DNA

Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

A

Steroid hormone

199
Q

Derived from cholesterol

Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

A

Steroid hormone

200
Q

Requires a binding protein to move through the blood

Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

A

Steroid hormone

201
Q

Hormone is rendered inactive upon saturation of double bonds in liver

Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

A

Steroid hormone

202
Q

Is conjugated to sulfated or glucoronides for excretion in urine or feces

Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

A

Steroid hormone

203
Q

Activates cAMP and protein kinases following binding to its receptor

Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

A

Protein hormone

204
Q

Receptor is located in the nucleus

Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

A

Steroid hormone

205
Q

Glycoproteins are removed allowing molecule to bind to liver cells

Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

A

Protein hormone

206
Q

Derives from arachidonic acid

Is it a characteristic of a protein, steroid, or prostaglandin hormone?

A

Prostaglandin hormone

207
Q

Produce growth hormone

A

Somatotropes

208
Q

Produce high amplitude GnRH

A

Surge center

209
Q

Produce low amplitude GnRH

A

Tonic center

210
Q

Produce leptin

A

Adipocytes

211
Q

Produce oxytocin

A

Periventricular nucleus (PVN)

212
Q

The luteal phase represents 50% of the cycle

Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual cycle

213
Q

Ovulation occurs at the start/end of the cycle

Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

A

Estrous cycle

214
Q

No defined periods of sexual receptivity

Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual cycle

215
Q

The follicular phase represents 20% of the cycle

Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

A

Estrous cycle

216
Q

Ovulation occurs in the middle of the cycle

Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual cycle

217
Q

Sloughing of the endometrium to the exterior

Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual cycle

218
Q

Estradiol-17B levels increase during the luteal phase of the cycle

Is it a characteristic of the estrous or menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual cycle

219
Q

Which of these are not characteristic of sexual differentiation of the brain?

A. Testosterone is converted to estradiol-17B by aromatase within the brain
B. The surge center is defeminized by testosterone
C. Estradiol-17B binds to alpha-fetoprotein, removing its lipid-like properties so that it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier
D. Both A and C
E. Both B and C

A

B

220
Q

Which of the following is involved in luteolysis or regression of the corpus luteum?

A. Counter-current exchange between the uterine artery and ovarian vein
B. Counter-current exchange between the uterine vein and ovarian artery
C. PGF2a passes through the lungs prior to reaching the ovary
D. A and C
E. B and C

A

B

221
Q

Which of the following species can have a fertile first estrus following parturition?

A. Sow
B. Queen
C. Mare
D. B and C
E. All of the above

A

D

222
Q

Why is the hormone, GnRH, so difficult to measure?

A. There are no RIA or ELISA tests available
B. It is rapidly broken down in circulation (short 1/2 life)
C. It must be sampled from the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal blood
D. Both B and C
E. All of the above

A

D

223
Q

Which of the following would be characteristic of a radioimmunoassay (RIA)?

A. Radioactive hormone competes with native hormone
B. Amount of radioactive hormone that brings to inversely proportional to the amount of unlabeled hormone in the blood
C. Relatively inexpensive compared to an ELISA
D. A and B
E. All of the above

A

D

224
Q

Which of the following are important to promote attainment of puberty?

A. Increased frequency of GnRH pulses
B. Increased amplitude of GnRH pulses
C. Enough glucose in the blood to stimulate glucose sensing neurons in the brain
D. Both A and B
E. All of the above

A

E

225
Q

Which of the following is the primary difference between the mechanisms associated with seasonal anestrus in the mare and ewe?

A. The way the retina senses chances in the light:dark cycle
B. How the pinealocytes produce melatonin
C. The method by which the pinealocytes respond to excitatory neurons
D. Response of the hypothalamus to melatonin
E. A and D

A

D

226
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of the process of progesterone priming?

A. The first estrous cycle exhibited following anestrus is silent
B. The first estrous cycle exhibited following anestrus may be shorter than normal
C. Ovulation does not occur during the first estrous cycle exhibited following anestrus
D. A and B
E. All of the above

A

D

227
Q

T/F: a neuroendocrine response involves the release of a neuron or one into the blood which then acts on a remote target tissue

A

True

228
Q

T/F: A pregnancy test in women would be an example of a radioimmunoassay (RIA)

A

False

229
Q

T/F: an antagonist is a substance which binds to a receptor and activated a similar cellular response to the native hormone

A

False

230
Q

T/F: to perform an ELISA for measurement of hormone levels, both an antibody linked to a solid substrate and an antibody liked to an enzyme are required

A

True

231
Q

T/F: the average length of the estrous cycle in the ewe is 21 days

A

False

232
Q

T/F: the process of “progesterone priming” requires that the behavioral center of the brain to be exposed to estrogen so that a corpus luteum can be formed during the next estrous cycle

A

False

233
Q

T/F: the hormone, progesterone, is released in an episodic manner

A

False

234
Q

T/F: the specialized region (nuclei) of the hypothalamus associated with the posterior pituitary gland is called periventricular nucleus (PVN)

A

True

235
Q

T/F: the average duration of estrus in the female cat (Queen) is 8 days

A

False

236
Q

T/F: a good landmark for the hypothalamic nerve centers within the brain that are associated with reproduction is the third ventricle

A

True

237
Q

French soldiers eating frog legs in North Africa caused two outbreaks of

A

Priapism

238
Q

What material is extracted from a beetle

A

Cantharidin

239
Q

Painful and prolonged penile erection

A

Priapism

240
Q

The word pituitary is derived from the Latin word…

A

Pituita - means mucus

241
Q

The existence of the pituitary gland was recognized as early as

A

200 AD

242
Q

The pituitary gland was thought to be a

A

Mucus secreting organ for lubrication of the throat

243
Q

The dramatic effects of male castration have been recognized for over

A

2,000 years

244
Q

The testis was known to control

A

Virility and sterility

245
Q

Warriors thought that eating ______ of their enemy increased courage

A

Hearts

246
Q

Eating _______ of sheep was thought to improve the intelligence of the mentally challenged

A

Thyroids

247
Q

Eating liver from ______ cured liver ailments

A

Wolves

248
Q

Eating ______ from rabbits cured nervousness

A

Brains

249
Q

Eating _____ from foxes cured respiratory disorders

A

Lungs

250
Q

Eating ____ _______ was believed to increase sexual prowess

A

Sex glands

251
Q

Brown-séquard injected himself with

A

Testicular extracts

252
Q

The leading cause of death in the early 1900s in young women was

A

Childbirth - bleeding to death

253
Q

What is administered to women to prevent bleeding during childbirth as well as to enhance uterine contractions for expulsion of the fetus?

A

Oxytocin

254
Q

The jest account of reproductive physiology was recorded in about _______ in ___________

A
  1. 3200 BC
  2. Mesopotamia
255
Q

Whether or not the sprouts germinated determined the

A

Pregnancy status

256
Q

Women wishing to know their pregnancy stays would insert an _______ into the vagina

A

Onion

257
Q

Species that males and females must be paired before they reach puberty

A

Clouded leopards

258
Q

It is said that puberty begins during the ______ in children

A

Night

259
Q

It seems as if these increases in GnRH secretion are associated with ____ stages of sleep

A

REM (rapid eye movement)

260
Q

______ choirs were composed of adult male singers castrated in boyhood so as to retain soprano or alto voices

A

Castrato

261
Q

The age of puberty in girls is ______

A

Decreasing

262
Q

Puberty occurred at about ___ years of age in the mid ____ in _______

A
  1. 17
  2. 1800s
  3. Norway
263
Q

Today reproductive endpoint occurs at ___ years of age in _____ and ____

A
  1. 12
  2. Europe
  3. U.S.
264
Q

Naked mole rats dominant female called

A

The Queen

265
Q

The queen uses ____ ______ to suppress puberty

A

Tactile stimulation

266
Q

Rare individuals are diagnosed as males having a deficiency in receptors for

A

Androgens

267
Q

Victorian women inserted wooden blocks inside their vaginas to obstruct the passage of _____

A

Sperm

268
Q

The word menstrual is derived from the Latin word meaning

A

Month

269
Q

In historical Latin folklore the moon was believed to regulate not only the tides of the sea, but also the monthly

A

Emotional tides of women

270
Q

To offset females preying on males of their species, the males ______ after the female to

A

1.Hibernate
2. Breed sleeping females

271
Q

One type of cystic ovarian disease results in

A

Nymphomania

272
Q

Women were not employed in the opium industry during the ___ century because it was believed that menstruating women would make the opium _____

A
  1. 19th
  2. Bitter
273
Q

The mouthbrooder fish is so called because fertilization actually takes place in the female’s

A

Mouth

274
Q

Unlike humans, other animals apparently do not have

A

Menopause

275
Q

The female African elephant remains reproductively competent until she is in her

A

Nineties

276
Q

During the Middle Ages women throughout Europe hollowed out ____ _____ and used them to cover their _____ in the same way women use the diaphragm today

A
  1. Lemon halves
  2. Cervix
277
Q

Initiated after luteolysis

A

Follicular phase

278
Q

The follicular phase consists of

A

Proestrus and estrus

279
Q

High progesterone during

A

Luteal phase

280
Q

At luteolysis the ____ _____ of progesterone on the hypothalamus is removed

A

Negative feedback

281
Q

4 events take place during follicular phase

A

Gonadotropin release from the anterior pituitary
Follicular preparation for ovulation
Sexual receptivity
Ovulation

282
Q

Follicular phase is governed by

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Ovary

283
Q

Plays an obligatory role
Releases GnRH which is at the top of the chain

A

Hypothalamus

284
Q

Clustered of nerve cell bodies

A

Hypothalamic nuclei

285
Q

2 types of hypothalamic nuclei

A

Surge
Tonic

286
Q

Tonic and surge centers of hypothalamus control

A

GnRH release

287
Q

Surge center responds dramatically to high

A

Estradiol

288
Q

Basal secretion of GnRH
Neurons here - episodic profile

A

Tonic center

289
Q

Release small pulses of GnRH over a long period of time
Occurs spontaneously in rhythmical fashion

A

Episodic profile

290
Q

Preovulatory center
Preovulatory release of GnRH that stimulates a LH surge causing ovulation
Releases basal levels of GnRH until it receives the appropriate signal

A

Surge Center

291
Q

The follicular phase only represents ___% of the estrous cycle

A

20

292
Q

_____ ____ and ______ occur continuously throughout the estrous cycle

A

Follicle growth and degeneration

293
Q

The majority of the follicles life is spent in the

A

Preantral stages

294
Q

Small antral follicles: pig

A

Less than 3mm

295
Q

Small antral follicles: mare

A

Less than 10mm

296
Q

Medium antral follicles: pig

A

4-6mm

297
Q

Medium antral follicles: mare

A

10-20mm

298
Q

Large antral follicles: pig

A

Greater than 6mm

299
Q

Large antral follicles: mare

A

Greater than 20mm

300
Q

A cohort of small antral follicles and produce estradiol
Some undergo atresia

A

Recruitment

301
Q

A group of growing follicles which haven’t undergone atresia are selected

A

Selection

302
Q

Involves emergence of dominant follicle(s) from cohort or already recruited antral follicles - may become the dominant follicles or may undergo atresia

A

dominance

303
Q

Not perforated
Occurs at all 3 levels

A

Atresia

304
Q

___% of all follicles undergo atresia

A

90

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