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Repro > Luteal Phase - Exam 3 > Flashcards

Luteal Phase - Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Lasts from the time of ovulation until Luteolysis

A

Luteal phase

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2
Q

Regression of the CL

A

Luteolysis

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3
Q

Luteal phase consists of what types of estrus

A

Metestrus and diestrus

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4
Q

The luteal phase consists of

A

Corpora lutea formation
Production of progesterone
Luteolysis

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5
Q

At ovulation, the follicles and blood vessels _____ within the follicular wall

A

Rupture

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6
Q

What does the rupture of follicle and blood vessels form?

A

The corpus hemorrhagicum (bloody body)

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7
Q

Appear as small, pimple-like structures on surface of ovary

A

Day 1-3 of estrous cycle

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8
Q

CL begins to increase in size and hemorrhagic appearance

A

Day 3-5 of estrous cycle

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9
Q

CL gains size until the ____ of the estrous cycle

A

Middle

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10
Q

CL has reached mature size and is producing maximal levels of progesterone

A

Diestrus

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11
Q

Luteolysis occurs and CL loses functionality and decreases in size

A

End of luteal phase

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12
Q

CL degrades and forms

A

Corpus albicans

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13
Q

Scar-like tissue

A

Corpus albicans

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14
Q

After ovulation, ____ ________ and _________ _____ undergo dramatic transformation

A

Theca interna
Granulosal cells

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15
Q

Process whereby cells of the ovulatory follicle are transformed into luteal tissue

A

Luteinization

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16
Q

Both cell types of luteal tissue are

A

Steroidogenic

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17
Q

Luteal tissue consists of two cell types:

A

Large cells
Small cells

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18
Q

Large/small: Originate from Granulosal cells

A

Large cells

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19
Q

Large/small: Originate from Theca interna cells

A

Small cells

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20
Q

Large/small: Diameter 20-40 uM

A

Large cells

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21
Q

Large/small: Diameter <20 uM

A

Small cells

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22
Q

Large/small: Many dense secretory granules near plasma membrane which contain oxytocin and relaxin

A

Large cells

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23
Q

CL of estrous cycle

A

Oxytocin

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24
Q

CL of pregnancy

A

Relaxin

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25
Q

Large/small: No secretory granules

A

Small cells

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26
Q

Large/small: Rarely multiple after ovulation

A

Large cells

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27
Q

Large/small: Few lipid droplets

A

Large cells

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28
Q

Large/small: Numerous lipid droplets

A

Small cells

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29
Q

Large/small: Irregular shape

A

Small cells

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30
Q

Large/small: undergo hyperplasia

A

Small cells

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31
Q

Large/small: round shape

A

Large cells

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32
Q

Large/small: undergo hypertrophy

A

Large cells

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33
Q

Increase in size

A

Hypertrophy

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34
Q

Increase in number

A

Hyperplasia

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35
Q

Growth of CL amass is net effect of

A

Large luteal cells undergo hypertrophy
Small luteal cells undergo hyperplasia
Non-steroidogenic cells also increase in numbers

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36
Q

Hypertrophy in sheep

A

Volume of large cells increase 3-fold

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37
Q

Hyperplasia in sheep

A

Number of small cells increases 5-fold

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38
Q

Vigor of CL depends on

A

Number of luteal cells
Degree to which CL becomes vascularized

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39
Q

Insufficient CL function can affect numerous target tissues for

A

Progesterone

40
Q

Progesterone target tissues

A

Surge and tonic centers of hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Alveoli of mammary gland
Endometrium of uterus
Myometrium of uterus

41
Q

Positive/Negative Feedback: surge and tonic centers of hypothalamus

42
Q

Positive/Negative Feedback: anterior pituitary

43
Q

Positive/Negative Feedback: alveoli of mammary gland

44
Q

Positive/Negative Feedback: endometrium of uterus

45
Q

Positive/Negative Feedback: myometrium of uterus

46
Q

Produces maximal secretions which are essential to the developing embryo

A

Endometrium of uterus

47
Q

Reduces contractility and promotes “quiescence” of the tract to support embryo implantation

A

Myometrium of uterus

48
Q

Progesterone is an inhibitor because it

A

Reduces basal GnRH amplitude and frequency
Prevents behavioral estrus
Stops the preovulatory LH surge
Reduces myometrial tone

49
Q

Requires basal (tonic) LH and cholesterol

A

Progesterone synthesis

50
Q

Disintegration or decomposition (lysis) of the corpus luteum
CL undergoes irreversible degeneration characterized by a dramatic drop in blood levels of progesterone

A

Luteolysis

51
Q

Luteal cells need ___ and ________ to produce progesterone

A

LH
Cholesterol

52
Q

2 main hormones control luteolysis

A

Oxytocin from the CL
PGF2alpha from the uterine endometrium

53
Q

Requirements for luteolysis (not humans)

A

Presence of oxytocin receptors on endometrial cells
Presence of a critical level of oxytocin
PGF2alpha synthesis by endometrium

54
Q

Causes luteolysis

55
Q

PGF2alpha half life

56
Q

Removal of the uterus

A

Involved hysterectomy

57
Q

Vascular counter-current exchange

58
Q

CL is maintained the length of gestation (148 days)

A

Total hysterectomy

59
Q

Contra lateral horn opposite the CL
Normal CL lifespan

A

Partial hysterectomy

60
Q

Horn on the side of CL
Longer CL lifespan (35 days)

A

Ipsilateral

61
Q

Synthesized and secreted by large luteal cells

62
Q

Luteal oxytocin is stored in

A

Secretory granules

63
Q

During what phase does PGF2alpha secretion occurs in pulses?

A

Late luteal

64
Q

Pulses increase in ______ and ________ as the end of the luteal phase approaches

A

Frequency
Amplitude

65
Q

Elevated levels of _________ are required by the uterus before PGF2alpha can be released

A

Progesterone

66
Q

Progesterone prevents PGF2alpha secretion by blocking formation of oxytocin receptors in the uterus

A

First half of estrous cycle

67
Q

Progesterone loses its ability to block formation of oxytocin receptors
Oxytocin receptors can bind oxytocin in the uterine endometrium which stimulates release of PGF2alpha

A

After 10-12 days of estrous cycle

68
Q

Luteolysis results in

A

Cessation of progesterone production
Structural regression to form a corpus albicans
Follicular development and entrance into a new follicular phase

69
Q

What is not well understood?

A

Intercellular mechanisms that cause luteolysis

70
Q

Possibilities of intracellular mechanisms that cause luteolysis

A

Reduced blood flow to the CL
Capillary degeneration resulting in decreased blood flow to CL
PGF2alpha binds to receptors on large luteal cells resulting in death of these cells and therefore steroidgenesis

71
Q

May be due to immune system
Macrophages and lymphocytes present at luteolysis

A

Structural regression of CL

72
Q

Macrophages and lymphocytes produce

73
Q

Non-antibody proteins produced by a variety of immune cells that act as intracellular mediators of the immune response
May trigger apoptosis

74
Q

Programmed cell death

75
Q

Cell death occurs by 2 processes:

A

Necrosis
Apoptosis

76
Q

Local death of tissues

77
Q

Final destruction of CL performed by

A

Macrophages

78
Q

Phagocytize damaged luteal cells

A

Macrophages

79
Q

Only connective tissue behind after luteal cells completely disappear

A

Corpus albicans

80
Q

How long is the female elephant estrous cycle

81
Q

How long is a female elephant gestation?

82
Q

The regression of the corpus luteum in humans and other primates is not controlled by the

83
Q

_______ induces luteolysis in primates

84
Q

What is believed to be responsible for causing luteal regression?

85
Q

The corpus luteum of most rodents does not develop unless _______ occurs

A

Copulation

86
Q

Penile stimulation of the cervix causes ________ release from the female

87
Q

Prolactin is _________ and causes the formation of corpora lutea

A

Luteotropic

88
Q

Some spiders have no

89
Q

Spiders eject sperm from their _______ onto their web

90
Q

The male spiders picks up the ejaculate with a special set of

91
Q

Why does the male spider have to be careful and deposit semen into the female by surprise?

A

The female spider will eat him if she catches him

92
Q

In what animal is the luteal phase of the estrous cycle longer than the pregnancy

93
Q

Researchers at N.C. State University observed a sow that had _____ corpora lutea on both of her ovaries

94
Q

128 corpora lutea on both ovaries is ___ times the normal number of corpora lutea

95
Q

Granulosal cells become

A

Large luteal cells

96
Q

Thecal cells become

A

Small luteal cells

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