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Luteal Phase - Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Lasts from the time of ovulation until Luteolysis

A

Luteal phase

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2
Q

Regression of the CL

A

Luteolysis

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3
Q

Luteal phase consists of what types of estrus

A

Metestrus and diestrus

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4
Q

The luteal phase consists of

A

Corpora lutea formation
Production of progesterone
Luteolysis

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5
Q

At ovulation, the follicles and blood vessels _____ within the follicular wall

A

Rupture

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6
Q

What does the rupture of follicle and blood vessels form?

A

The corpus hemorrhagicum (bloody body)

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7
Q

Appear as small, pimple-like structures on surface of ovary

A

Day 1-3 of estrous cycle

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8
Q

CL begins to increase in size and hemorrhagic appearance

A

Day 3-5 of estrous cycle

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9
Q

CL gains size until the ____ of the estrous cycle

A

Middle

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10
Q

CL has reached mature size and is producing maximal levels of progesterone

A

Diestrus

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11
Q

Luteolysis occurs and CL loses functionality and decreases in size

A

End of luteal phase

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12
Q

CL degrades and forms

A

Corpus albicans

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13
Q

Scar-like tissue

A

Corpus albicans

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14
Q

After ovulation, ____ ________ and _________ _____ undergo dramatic transformation

A

Theca interna
Granulosal cells

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15
Q

Process whereby cells of the ovulatory follicle are transformed into luteal tissue

A

Luteinization

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16
Q

Both cell types of luteal tissue are

A

Steroidogenic

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17
Q

Luteal tissue consists of two cell types:

A

Large cells
Small cells

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18
Q

Large/small: Originate from Granulosal cells

A

Large cells

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19
Q

Large/small: Originate from Theca interna cells

A

Small cells

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20
Q

Large/small: Diameter 20-40 uM

A

Large cells

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21
Q

Large/small: Diameter <20 uM

A

Small cells

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22
Q

Large/small: Many dense secretory granules near plasma membrane which contain oxytocin and relaxin

A

Large cells

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23
Q

CL of estrous cycle

A

Oxytocin

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24
Q

CL of pregnancy

A

Relaxin

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25
Large/small: No secretory granules
Small cells
26
Large/small: Rarely multiple after ovulation
Large cells
27
Large/small: Few lipid droplets
Large cells
28
Large/small: Numerous lipid droplets
Small cells
29
Large/small: Irregular shape
Small cells
30
Large/small: undergo hyperplasia
Small cells
31
Large/small: round shape
Large cells
32
Large/small: undergo hypertrophy
Large cells
33
Increase in size
Hypertrophy
34
Increase in number
Hyperplasia
35
Growth of CL amass is net effect of
Large luteal cells undergo hypertrophy Small luteal cells undergo hyperplasia Non-steroidogenic cells also increase in numbers
36
Hypertrophy in sheep
Volume of large cells increase 3-fold
37
Hyperplasia in sheep
Number of small cells increases 5-fold
38
Vigor of CL depends on
Number of luteal cells Degree to which CL becomes vascularized
39
Insufficient CL function can affect numerous target tissues for
Progesterone
40
Progesterone target tissues
Surge and tonic centers of hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Alveoli of mammary gland Endometrium of uterus Myometrium of uterus
41
Positive/Negative Feedback: surge and tonic centers of hypothalamus
Negative
42
Positive/Negative Feedback: anterior pituitary
Negative
43
Positive/Negative Feedback: alveoli of mammary gland
Positive
44
Positive/Negative Feedback: endometrium of uterus
Positive
45
Positive/Negative Feedback: myometrium of uterus
Negative
46
Produces maximal secretions which are essential to the developing embryo
Endometrium of uterus
47
Reduces contractility and promotes “quiescence” of the tract to support embryo implantation
Myometrium of uterus
48
Progesterone is an inhibitor because it
Reduces basal GnRH amplitude and frequency Prevents behavioral estrus Stops the preovulatory LH surge Reduces myometrial tone
49
Requires basal (tonic) LH and cholesterol
Progesterone synthesis
50
Disintegration or decomposition (lysis) of the corpus luteum CL undergoes irreversible degeneration characterized by a dramatic drop in blood levels of progesterone
Luteolysis
51
Luteal cells need ___ and ________ to produce progesterone
LH Cholesterol
52
2 main hormones control luteolysis
Oxytocin from the CL PGF2alpha from the uterine endometrium
53
Requirements for luteolysis (not humans)
Presence of oxytocin receptors on endometrial cells Presence of a critical level of oxytocin PGF2alpha synthesis by endometrium
54
Causes luteolysis
PGF2alpha
55
PGF2alpha half life
Seconds
56
Removal of the uterus
Involved hysterectomy
57
Vascular counter-current exchange
PGF2alpha
58
CL is maintained the length of gestation (148 days)
Total hysterectomy
59
Contra lateral horn opposite the CL Normal CL lifespan
Partial hysterectomy
60
Horn on the side of CL Longer CL lifespan (35 days)
Ipsilateral
61
Synthesized and secreted by large luteal cells
Oxytocin
62
Luteal oxytocin is stored in
Secretory granules
63
During what phase does PGF2alpha secretion occurs in pulses?
Late luteal
64
Pulses increase in ______ and ________ as the end of the luteal phase approaches
Frequency Amplitude
65
Elevated levels of _________ are required by the uterus before PGF2alpha can be released
Progesterone
66
Progesterone prevents PGF2alpha secretion by blocking formation of oxytocin receptors in the uterus
First half of estrous cycle
67
Progesterone loses its ability to block formation of oxytocin receptors Oxytocin receptors can bind oxytocin in the uterine endometrium which stimulates release of PGF2alpha
After 10-12 days of estrous cycle
68
Luteolysis results in
Cessation of progesterone production Structural regression to form a corpus albicans Follicular development and entrance into a new follicular phase
69
What is not well understood?
Intercellular mechanisms that cause luteolysis
70
Possibilities of intracellular mechanisms that cause luteolysis
Reduced blood flow to the CL Capillary degeneration resulting in decreased blood flow to CL PGF2alpha binds to receptors on large luteal cells resulting in death of these cells and therefore steroidgenesis
71
May be due to immune system Macrophages and lymphocytes present at luteolysis
Structural regression of CL
72
Macrophages and lymphocytes produce
Cytokines
73
Non-antibody proteins produced by a variety of immune cells that act as intracellular mediators of the immune response May trigger apoptosis
Cytokines
74
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
75
Cell death occurs by 2 processes:
Necrosis Apoptosis
76
Local death of tissues
Necrosis
77
Final destruction of CL performed by
Macrophages
78
Phagocytize damaged luteal cells
Macrophages
79
Only connective tissue behind after luteal cells completely disappear
Corpus albicans
80
How long is the female elephant estrous cycle
16 weeks
81
How long is a female elephant gestation?
22 months
82
The regression of the corpus luteum in humans and other primates is not controlled by the
Uterus
83
_______ induces luteolysis in primates
PGF2alpha
84
What is believed to be responsible for causing luteal regression?
PGF2alpha
85
The corpus luteum of most rodents does not develop unless _______ occurs
Copulation
86
Penile stimulation of the cervix causes ________ release from the female
Prolactin
87
Prolactin is _________ and causes the formation of corpora lutea
Luteotropic
88
Some spiders have no
Penis
89
Spiders eject sperm from their _______ onto their web
Abdomen
90
The male spiders picks up the ejaculate with a special set of
Antennae
91
Why does the male spider have to be careful and deposit semen into the female by surprise?
The female spider will eat him if she catches him
92
In what animal is the luteal phase of the estrous cycle longer than the pregnancy
Kangaroo
93
Researchers at N.C. State University observed a sow that had _____ corpora lutea on both of her ovaries
128
94
128 corpora lutea on both ovaries is ___ times the normal number of corpora lutea
10
95
Granulosal cells become
Large luteal cells
96
Thecal cells become
Small luteal cells

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