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Repro > Chapter 12 Quiz - Exam 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Quiz - Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Following semen deposition, sperm are exposed to a series of different environments which alter their numbers and function

A

Sperm transport

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2
Q

Prevent microorganisms from entering the female reproductive tract

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

Phagocytize sperm

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

1 neutrophil can engulf _____ motile sperm

A

Several

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5
Q

Neutrophils can’t distinguish between ___ or _____ ______

A

Live or dead sperm

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6
Q

What releases a bunch of neutrophils once sperm are released into the female tract

A

Uterine mucosa

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7
Q

2 types of sperm transport

A

Rapid
Sustained

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8
Q

Sperma transported to oviduct in minutes
Non-viable sperm

A

Rapid sperm transport

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9
Q

Viable sperm
Sperm are transported to oviducts in a trickle-like fashion from sperm reservoirs in the cervix, uterus, and UTJ

A

Sustained sperm transport

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10
Q

____ of spermatozoa deposited in the uterus of a cow via artificial insemination are lost to the exterior of the reproductive tract within ___ hours after deposition

A

60%
12

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11
Q

Transport out of the reproductive tract

A

Retrograde transport

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12
Q

Mating occurs during the

A

Follicular phase - high estradiol

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13
Q

What causes an increased tone and motility of the uterus and oviduct

A

Prostaglandins

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14
Q

What if the female reproductive tract propel sperm in an anterior and posterior direction

A

Peristaltic contractions

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15
Q

The fluid secreted from the ____ ________ into the lumen are the vehicle for sperm transport

A

Uterine endometrium

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16
Q

What can advance the time of ovulation in gilts

A

Component in boar seminal plasma - protein?

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17
Q

Can add ______ or _________ to the seminal plasma to increase contractility of the uterus and oviduct

A

Estradiol
Prostaglandins

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18
Q

If you give rabbits an activator of _____ ______ ___________, fertilization rates with a fixed number of sperm will increase

A

Smooth muscle contractility

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19
Q

_____ acts as a barrier and reservoir to sperm in the cow

A

Cervix

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20
Q

The cervix produces 2 types of mucus:

A

Sialomucin
Sulfomucin

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21
Q

Type of mucus: low viscosity

A

Sialomucin

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22
Q

Type of mucus: located in the cervical crypts

A

Sialomucin

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23
Q

Type of cervix: sperm swim into it - creates privileged pathways

A

Sialomucin

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24
Q

Type of mucus: where motility of sperm is important
Weed out non-motile spermatids at level of the cervix in the cow

A

Sialomucin

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25
Q

Type of mucus: very viscous

A

Sulfomucin

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26
Q

Type of mucus: located on the apical surfaces of the cervical folds

A

Sulfomucin

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27
Q

Type of mucus: sperm are washed out of the reproductive tract

A

Sulfomucin

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28
Q

The changes that sperm undergo during the minimum period of time that sperm must reside in the female reproductive tract in order for maximal fertility to be achieved

A

Capacitation

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29
Q

A series of biochemical changes in sperm

A

Capacitation

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30
Q

Site of Capacitation: may begin as sperm move through the cervix

A

Bull

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31
Q

Site of capacitation: must begin in uterus since sperm are deposited there

A

Stallion

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32
Q

Not all sperm are capacitated at the

A

Same rate

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33
Q

Series of specific interaction to one between sperm and oocyte

A

Fertilization

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34
Q

Sperm change from a linear, progressive movement to a frenzied, dancing motion that isn’t linear and is localized to a small area

A

Hyperactive motility

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35
Q

Occurs in oviduct
Facilitates sperm-oocyte contact

A

Hyperactivity motility

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36
Q

Zona binding proteins must be exposed by ________ before binding can occur

A

Capacitation

37
Q

Sperm have specific proteins on membrane surface overlying acrosome which bind specifically to proteins on the Zona pellucida

A

Binding to the Zona pellucida of the oocyte

38
Q

Zona pellucida consists of 3 glycoproteins:

A

Zona protein -1
Zona protein -2
Zona protein -3

39
Q

Structural proteins which help maintain the structural integrity of the zona pellucida

A

Zona protein-1
Zona protein-2

40
Q

Very much like a receptor for a hormone
Binds proteins found on the sperm plasma membrane

A

Zona protein-3

41
Q

Sperm binding to oocyte requires _____ to _______ ZP3 molecules

A

10,0000 to 50,000

42
Q

Sperm have 2 binding sites:

A

Zona binding region
Acrosome reaction promoting region

43
Q

Causes sperm to adhere to the Zona pellucida

A

Zona binding region

44
Q

Binding between this region and ZP3 of the oocyte and this region activates second messenger systems which initiate the acrosome reaction

A

Acrosome reaction promoting region

45
Q

2 purposes of acrosome reaction

A

Enables sperm to penetrate the Zona pellucida
Exposes equatorial segment so it can later fuse with plasma membrane of the oocyte

46
Q

What begins when plasma membrane of spermatozoa forms multiple fusion sites with the outer acrosomal membrane

A

Acrosome reaction

47
Q

When plasma membrane of spermatozoa forms multiple fusion sites with the outer acrosomal membrane

A

Vesiculation

48
Q

Acrosomal contents are dispersed, leaving the sperm nucleus’s surrounded by the _____ _____ ______ and the _____ _______ exposed

A

Inner acrosomal membrane
Equatorial segment

49
Q

Acrosomal contents include

A

Acrosin
Proacrosin

50
Q

Hydrolyzes Zona proteins and enhances sperm’s ability to bind to Zona pellucida

A

Acrosin

51
Q

Inactive form of acrosin is

A

Proacrosin

52
Q

What has a strong affinity for the Zona pellucida

A

Proacrosin

53
Q

Aids in binding sperm to the Zona pellucida

A

Proacrosin

54
Q

As the acrosome reaction proceeds, Proacrosin is converted into _____ which allows the sperm to penetrate the Zona pellucida and make its way through

A

Acrosin

55
Q

What action of sperm helps push its way through the hole caused by release of Acrosin

A

Flagellar action of sperm

56
Q

The hole produced by the Acrosin is only the diameter of the ______ so that the integrity of the Zona pellucida remains intact

A

Sperm

57
Q

Important to protect and keep the ______ together

A

Embryo

58
Q

Speed of penetration of Zona pellucida

A

Rapid
A few minutes

59
Q

Once sperm has passed through the Zona pellucida, it enters the

A

Perivitelline space

60
Q

Where must sperm bind to the plasma membrane of the oocyte

A

Perivitelline space

61
Q

Sperm settles down on a bed of _________ which are part of the oocyte plasma membrane

A

Microvilli

62
Q

The _______ __________ of the oocyte and the _______ _________ of the sperm fuse

A

Plasma membrane
Equatorial segment

63
Q

What brings about the fusion of the plasma membrane of the oocyte and the equatorial segment of the sperm

A

A fusion protein

64
Q

What requires vesiculation and release of acrosomal contents to become active

A

A fusion protein

65
Q

Fertilization with more than 1 sperm

A

Polyspermy

66
Q

The ______ undergoes a number of changes to prevent polyspermy

A

Oocyte

67
Q

An abnormal chromosomal complement

A

Polyploidy

68
Q

What would lead to an abnormal chromosomal complement (polyploidy)

A

Polyspermy

69
Q

Cortical granules which appear during the 1st and 2nd meiosis are present at the

A

Periphery of the oocyte cytoplasm

70
Q

What are just inside of the plasma membrane

A

Small, dense granules

71
Q

Small, dense cortical granules undergo ________ and release their contents into the Perivitelline spate upon sperm binding to the plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

72
Q

Cortical granules contain

A

Mucopolysaccharides
Proteases
Plasminogen activator
Acid phosphatase
Peroxidase

73
Q

2 major changes from release of cortical granule contents

A

Zona block
Vitelline block

74
Q

Type of block: slow

A

Zona block

75
Q

Zona pellucida changes biochemically so more sperm can’t penetrate it

A

Zona block

76
Q

Type of block: fast

A

Vitelline block

77
Q

Prevents additional sperm from binding to the oocyte plasma membrane

A

Vitelline block

78
Q

Oocyte plasma membrane

A

Vitelline membrane

79
Q

T/F: some species have both a Zona and Vitelline block whereas others have one or the other

A

True

80
Q

A process whereby the male inseminated the female and spermatozoa remain viable in the female tract for a sustained period of time

A

Delayed fertilization

81
Q

When a rooster inseminates a hen she can lay fertile eggs for over ___ days

A

20

82
Q

Sperm are stored in special

A

Utero-vaginal glands

83
Q

The fertilizing life of bat sperm is reported to range from ___ to ____ days

A

68 to 198

84
Q

Snakes are reported to store sperm that are fertile for up to ___ years

A

6

85
Q

The bifurcation of the glans penis of the opossum led to the widespread Appalachian folk belief that opossums mated through the ____, with one fork of the glans penis penetrating each _____

A

Nose
Nostril

86
Q

Male mammals deliver sperm to the female in

A

Seminal plasma

87
Q

I some cephalopods the male deposits the spermatophore in the female tract or into the ______ ______, from which it can be conveniently transferred to the female tract

A

Buccal cavity

88
Q

In some annelids, spermatophores are ________ __________, after which the spermatozoa spread throughout the female’s body before contacting eggs

A

Injected subcutaneously

89
Q

Who typed the 1st edition of pathways to pregnancy and parturition from the author’s dictation

A

Cheryl Dudley

Repro (12 decks)

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