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Repro > Chapter 12 Quiz - Exam 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Quiz - Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Following semen deposition, sperm are exposed to a series of different environments which alter their numbers and function

A

Sperm transport

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2
Q

Prevent microorganisms from entering the female reproductive tract

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

Phagocytize sperm

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

1 neutrophil can engulf _____ motile sperm

A

Several

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5
Q

Neutrophils can’t distinguish between ___ or _____ ______

A

Live or dead sperm

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6
Q

What releases a bunch of neutrophils once sperm are released into the female tract

A

Uterine mucosa

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7
Q

2 types of sperm transport

A

Rapid
Sustained

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8
Q

Sperma transported to oviduct in minutes
Non-viable sperm

A

Rapid sperm transport

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9
Q

Viable sperm
Sperm are transported to oviducts in a trickle-like fashion from sperm reservoirs in the cervix, uterus, and UTJ

A

Sustained sperm transport

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10
Q

____ of spermatozoa deposited in the uterus of a cow via artificial insemination are lost to the exterior of the reproductive tract within ___ hours after deposition

A

60%
12

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11
Q

Transport out of the reproductive tract

A

Retrograde transport

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12
Q

Mating occurs during the

A

Follicular phase - high estradiol

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13
Q

What causes an increased tone and motility of the uterus and oviduct

A

Prostaglandins

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14
Q

What if the female reproductive tract propel sperm in an anterior and posterior direction

A

Peristaltic contractions

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15
Q

The fluid secreted from the ____ ________ into the lumen are the vehicle for sperm transport

A

Uterine endometrium

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16
Q

What can advance the time of ovulation in gilts

A

Component in boar seminal plasma - protein?

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17
Q

Can add ______ or _________ to the seminal plasma to increase contractility of the uterus and oviduct

A

Estradiol
Prostaglandins

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18
Q

If you give rabbits an activator of _____ ______ ___________, fertilization rates with a fixed number of sperm will increase

A

Smooth muscle contractility

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19
Q

_____ acts as a barrier and reservoir to sperm in the cow

A

Cervix

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20
Q

The cervix produces 2 types of mucus:

A

Sialomucin
Sulfomucin

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21
Q

Type of mucus: low viscosity

A

Sialomucin

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22
Q

Type of mucus: located in the cervical crypts

A

Sialomucin

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23
Q

Type of cervix: sperm swim into it - creates privileged pathways

A

Sialomucin

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24
Q

Type of mucus: where motility of sperm is important
Weed out non-motile spermatids at level of the cervix in the cow

A

Sialomucin

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25
Type of mucus: very viscous
Sulfomucin
26
Type of mucus: located on the apical surfaces of the cervical folds
Sulfomucin
27
Type of mucus: sperm are washed out of the reproductive tract
Sulfomucin
28
The changes that sperm undergo during the minimum period of time that sperm must reside in the female reproductive tract in order for maximal fertility to be achieved
Capacitation
29
A series of biochemical changes in sperm
Capacitation
30
Site of Capacitation: may begin as sperm move through the cervix
Bull
31
Site of capacitation: must begin in uterus since sperm are deposited there
Stallion
32
Not all sperm are capacitated at the
Same rate
33
Series of specific interaction to one between sperm and oocyte
Fertilization
34
Sperm change from a linear, progressive movement to a frenzied, dancing motion that isn’t linear and is localized to a small area
Hyperactive motility
35
Occurs in oviduct Facilitates sperm-oocyte contact
Hyperactivity motility
36
Zona binding proteins must be exposed by ________ before binding can occur
Capacitation
37
Sperm have specific proteins on membrane surface overlying acrosome which bind specifically to proteins on the Zona pellucida
Binding to the Zona pellucida of the oocyte
38
Zona pellucida consists of 3 glycoproteins:
Zona protein -1 Zona protein -2 Zona protein -3
39
Structural proteins which help maintain the structural integrity of the zona pellucida
Zona protein-1 Zona protein-2
40
Very much like a receptor for a hormone Binds proteins found on the sperm plasma membrane
Zona protein-3
41
Sperm binding to oocyte requires _____ to _______ ZP3 molecules
10,0000 to 50,000
42
Sperm have 2 binding sites:
Zona binding region Acrosome reaction promoting region
43
Causes sperm to adhere to the Zona pellucida
Zona binding region
44
Binding between this region and ZP3 of the oocyte and this region activates second messenger systems which initiate the acrosome reaction
Acrosome reaction promoting region
45
2 purposes of acrosome reaction
Enables sperm to penetrate the Zona pellucida Exposes equatorial segment so it can later fuse with plasma membrane of the oocyte
46
What begins when plasma membrane of spermatozoa forms multiple fusion sites with the outer acrosomal membrane
Acrosome reaction
47
When plasma membrane of spermatozoa forms multiple fusion sites with the outer acrosomal membrane
Vesiculation
48
Acrosomal contents are dispersed, leaving the sperm nucleus’s surrounded by the _____ _____ ______ and the _____ _______ exposed
Inner acrosomal membrane Equatorial segment
49
Acrosomal contents include
Acrosin Proacrosin
50
Hydrolyzes Zona proteins and enhances sperm’s ability to bind to Zona pellucida
Acrosin
51
Inactive form of acrosin is
Proacrosin
52
What has a strong affinity for the Zona pellucida
Proacrosin
53
Aids in binding sperm to the Zona pellucida
Proacrosin
54
As the acrosome reaction proceeds, Proacrosin is converted into _____ which allows the sperm to penetrate the Zona pellucida and make its way through
Acrosin
55
What action of sperm helps push its way through the hole caused by release of Acrosin
Flagellar action of sperm
56
The hole produced by the Acrosin is only the diameter of the ______ so that the integrity of the Zona pellucida remains intact
Sperm
57
Important to protect and keep the ______ together
Embryo
58
Speed of penetration of Zona pellucida
Rapid A few minutes
59
Once sperm has passed through the Zona pellucida, it enters the
Perivitelline space
60
Where must sperm bind to the plasma membrane of the oocyte
Perivitelline space
61
Sperm settles down on a bed of _________ which are part of the oocyte plasma membrane
Microvilli
62
The _______ __________ of the oocyte and the _______ _________ of the sperm fuse
Plasma membrane Equatorial segment
63
What brings about the fusion of the plasma membrane of the oocyte and the equatorial segment of the sperm
A fusion protein
64
What requires vesiculation and release of acrosomal contents to become active
A fusion protein
65
Fertilization with more than 1 sperm
Polyspermy
66
The ______ undergoes a number of changes to prevent polyspermy
Oocyte
67
An abnormal chromosomal complement
Polyploidy
68
What would lead to an abnormal chromosomal complement (polyploidy)
Polyspermy
69
Cortical granules which appear during the 1st and 2nd meiosis are present at the
Periphery of the oocyte cytoplasm
70
What are just inside of the plasma membrane
Small, dense granules
71
Small, dense cortical granules undergo ________ and release their contents into the Perivitelline spate upon sperm binding to the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
72
Cortical granules contain
Mucopolysaccharides Proteases Plasminogen activator Acid phosphatase Peroxidase
73
2 major changes from release of cortical granule contents
Zona block Vitelline block
74
Type of block: slow
Zona block
75
Zona pellucida changes biochemically so more sperm can’t penetrate it
Zona block
76
Type of block: fast
Vitelline block
77
Prevents additional sperm from binding to the oocyte plasma membrane
Vitelline block
78
Oocyte plasma membrane
Vitelline membrane
79
T/F: some species have both a Zona and Vitelline block whereas others have one or the other
True
80
A process whereby the male inseminated the female and spermatozoa remain viable in the female tract for a sustained period of time
Delayed fertilization
81
When a rooster inseminates a hen she can lay fertile eggs for over ___ days
20
82
Sperm are stored in special
Utero-vaginal glands
83
The fertilizing life of bat sperm is reported to range from ___ to ____ days
68 to 198
84
Snakes are reported to store sperm that are fertile for up to ___ years
6
85
The bifurcation of the glans penis of the opossum led to the widespread Appalachian folk belief that opossums mated through the ____, with one fork of the glans penis penetrating each _____
Nose Nostril
86
Male mammals deliver sperm to the female in
Seminal plasma
87
I some cephalopods the male deposits the spermatophore in the female tract or into the ______ ______, from which it can be conveniently transferred to the female tract
Buccal cavity
88
In some annelids, spermatophores are ________ __________, after which the spermatozoa spread throughout the female’s body before contacting eggs
Injected subcutaneously
89
Who typed the 1st edition of pathways to pregnancy and parturition from the author’s dictation
Cheryl Dudley

Repro (12 decks)

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