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Repro > Chapter 13 - Exam 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Apposition of male and female pronuclei

A

Syngamy

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2
Q

An organism in the early stages of development and can’t be distinguished as a member of a specific species

A

Zygote becomes embryo

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3
Q

A potential offspring that is still within the uterus, but is generally recognizable as a member of a given species

A

Fetus

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4
Q

More advanced form of an embryo

A

Fetus

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5
Q

The product of conception

A

Conceptus

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6
Q

Conceptus includes the embryo during the

A

Early embryonic stage

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7
Q

Conceptus includes the embryo and extra embryonic membranes during the

A

Preimplantation stage

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8
Q

Conceptus includes the fetus and placenta during the

A

Post-attachment phase

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9
Q

4 steps must be achieved for embryo to attach to uterus

A

Development with confines of zona pellucida
Hatching of blastocyst from zona pellucida
Formation of extraembryonic membranes
Maternal recognition of pregnancy

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10
Q

Stage of embryo development when the male and female pronuclei can be observed
Newly fertilized oocyte

A

Ootid

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11
Q

One of the largest single cells in body
High cytoplasm:nucleus ratio

A

Ootid

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12
Q

Embryo undergoes a series of mitotic divisions

A

Cleavage divisions

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13
Q

First cleavage generates a

A

2-cell embryo

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14
Q

Each cell of the 2-cell embryo is called a

A

Blastomere

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15
Q

Each cell of the 2-cell embryo is of proportionate side and represents almost exactly ____ of a single celled zygote

A

Half

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16
Q

Each blastomere undergoes subsequent divisions, yielding a ____, _____, _____ celled embryo

A

4
8
16

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17
Q

Early on in development, each blastomere has ability to develop into

A

Separate healthy offspring

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18
Q

Blastomeres from the 2-,4-,8-,16-celled embryos and even further into development are

A

Totipotent

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19
Q

When a single cell (blastomere) gives rise to a complete, fully formed individual

A

Totipotency

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20
Q

As cleavage divisions proceed, the cells become progressively _______ with no net _____ in the size of the embryo

A

Smaller
Increase

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21
Q

Why as cell cleavage divisions proceed do the cells become progressively smaller with no net increase in the size of the embryo?

A

Because you started with a fixed volume

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22
Q

When a solid ball of cells is formed and you can no longer count how many blastomeres are present

A

Morula stage

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23
Q

Cells in center of the morula become more ________ than those cells in the outer region

A

Compacted

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24
Q

Develop gap junctions

A

Inner cells

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25
Allow for intracellular communication and may allow cells to remain in a defined cluster
Gap junctions
26
Develop tight junctions
Outer cells
27
Cell to cell adhesions Alter the permeability characteristics of the outer cells
Tight junctions
28
After tight junctions are formed, _____ accumulates inside the embryo
Fluid
29
Brought about by an active sodium pump in outer cells which pump into center portion of morula
Fluid accumulation
30
Fluid-filled cavity
Blastocoele
31
When a distinct cavity (blastocoele) is recognizable
Blastocyst
32
2 cellular populations
Inner cell mass Trophoblast
33
Becomes fetus proper
Inner cell mass
34
Becomes chorion - fetal portion of placenta
Trophoblast
35
Trophoblastic cells produce
Proteolytic enzymes
36
Weaken zona pellucida so it easily ruptures upon increased growth of blastocyst
Proteolytic enzymes
37
Blastocyst contracts and relaxes producing
Intermittent pressure pulses
38
3 forces governing hatching of blastocyst
Growth and fluid accumulation within blastocyst Production of enzymes by trophoblastic cells Contraction of blastocyst
39
Free-floating embryo without the zona pellucida Squeezes out of the opening of the development of the small crack in the zona pellucida
Hatched blastocyst
40
Cow: the embryo increases from ___ mm to ____ mm in __ days and is long and looks like a _________ ______
3mm 250mm 4 days Filamentous thread
41
Cow: on day 18, blastocyst occupies both
Uterine horns
42
Pig: embryo increases from ___ mm to ____ mm in __ days
2mm 200mm 2 days
43
Pig: hatched blastocyst grows at a rate of ___ to _____ mm per hour
4 to 8
44
Pig: by day 16, hatched blastocyst has reached ____ to ______ mm in length
800 to 1000 mm
45
________ _______ formation is essential for embryo to attach to uterus of ram
Extraembryonic membrane
46
There are 4 membranes which originate from the ________, the ________ ______ and the _______
Trophectoderm Primitive endoderm Embryo
47
Extraembryonic membranes of preattachment embryo consists of
Yolk sac Chorion Amnion Allantois
48
Eventually attaches to uterus
Chorion
49
Fluid-filled protective sac for fetus
Amnion
50
Chorion and amnion develop from
Trophyblast Primitive endoderm
51
Yolk sac develops from
Primitive endoderm
52
Contributes primordial germ cells which migrate to genital ridge
Yolk sac
53
Filled with fluid Serves to protect embryo from mechanical perturbations Acts as an anti-adhesion material to prevent tissues in embryo from adhering to each other
Amniotic cavity (sac)
54
Fluid filled sac that collects liquid from embryo
Allantoic cavity
55
_________ ____ continues to expand until pressed against _____ and eventually fuses with it
Allantoic cavity Chorion
56
Allantoic cavity fused with the chorion Fetal contribution to placenta and provides surface for attachments to endometrium to uterus
Chorioallantoic membrane
57
Series of events by which conceptus initially signals it’s presence to the dam and enables pregnancy to continue
Maternal recognition of pregnancy
58
What of ruminants releases oxytocin
CL
59
What stimulates uterine endometrial cells to synthesize PGF2alpha
Oxytocin
60
Production of PGF2alpha is dependent on threshold number of ________ ________ synthesized by endometrial cells during critical time in estrous cycle
Oxytocin receptors
61
In what species does the blastocyst block synthesis of endometrial oxytocin receptors
Cow Ewe
62
In the cow and the ewe, the blastocyst produces specific proteins that provide signal for prevention of
Luteolysis
63
Special proteins Produced by leukocytes, fibroblasts, lymphocytes and trophoblastic cells
Interferons
64
Types of interferons
Ovine interferon tau Bovine interferon tau
65
Interferons have _______ action and alter the function of ______ _____
Antiviral Target cells
66
Small protein Produced by trophoblastic cells of blastocyst Promotes protein synthesis Inhibits oxytocin receptor synthesis
Ovine interferon tau
67
Pig blastocyst produces ______ which serves as signal for _______ ______ of pregnancy
Estradiol Maternal recognition
68
In what species is PGF2alpha produced in significant quantities and is rerouted into uterine lumen
Sow
69
Pig embryo produces estradiol between day ___ and ___ after ovulation
11 and 12
70
In pigs, PGF2alpha has little access to ______ and can’t cause _______
Vasculature Luteolysis
71
In the pig, at least __ conceptuses myst be present in each uterine horn for pregnancy to be maintained
2
72
In the mare, presence of ______ causes prevention of luteolysis
Conceptus
73
In mares, what must migrate within uterus from one horn to the other
Conceptus
74
Equine conceptus does not _______which means less contact between ______ and ______ _______
Elongate Conceptus Uterine endometrium
75
The net effect of successful pregnancy recognition is maintenance of
High blood progesterone concentrations
76
Extraembryonic membranes form an attachment with uterine endometrium to provide semi—permanent link between day and fetus
Placenta
77
What animal has no vagina, but retains a urogential sinus
Nine-banded armadillo
78
The nine-banded armadillo gives birth to
Identical quadruplets
79
True implantation does not occur in
Domestic animals
80
In rodents, a successful pregnancy can be terminated if an alien male shows up and hangs out with the pregnant female
The Bruce Effect
81
A pair of Indian pythons have been observed copulating for ____ days
180
82
After copulation, the male garter snake plugs the female’s cloaca with a material made from
Renal secretions
83
Cantharidin has been illegal since the
1800s
84
What insects were believed to increase penile turgidity and prevent ejaculation
Dragonflies Silkworms
85
Scale insects and stink bugs were considered by the Chinese as
Aphrodisiacs
86
The word aphrodisiac is derived from the name of the Greek goddess of love ______
Aphrodite
87
When and by who was the book “The Male Generative Organs-Health and Disease from Infancy to Old Age” created
1848 Frederick Holland
88
What was the punishment for several male sex offenders in 12th century BC
Castration
89
What was likely the first survivable surgery in humans
Castration
90
Who thought that the function of the testis was only as a weight to keep the kinks out of the ductus deferens
Aristotle
91
What animal begin their life as males, but then most change into a female with a slight twist
Peppermint shrimp
92
On average, the bilaterally castrated man lives ___ years longer than intact men
12
93
In cephalopods, the male deposits a special sperm package called a ______ in the female body cavity by the way of an artificial penis
spermatophore
94
What is the name of the artificial penis in cephalopods that is also a specially modified tentacle
Hectocotylus
95
Spiders have an artificial penis that is a leg that doubles as a penis and is known scientifically as a
Maxillary palp

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