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Repro > Chapter 13 - Exam 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Apposition of male and female pronuclei

A

Syngamy

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2
Q

An organism in the early stages of development and can’t be distinguished as a member of a specific species

A

Zygote becomes embryo

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3
Q

A potential offspring that is still within the uterus, but is generally recognizable as a member of a given species

A

Fetus

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4
Q

More advanced form of an embryo

A

Fetus

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5
Q

The product of conception

A

Conceptus

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6
Q

Conceptus includes the embryo during the

A

Early embryonic stage

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7
Q

Conceptus includes the embryo and extra embryonic membranes during the

A

Preimplantation stage

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8
Q

Conceptus includes the fetus and placenta during the

A

Post-attachment phase

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9
Q

4 steps must be achieved for embryo to attach to uterus

A

Development with confines of zona pellucida
Hatching of blastocyst from zona pellucida
Formation of extraembryonic membranes
Maternal recognition of pregnancy

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10
Q

Stage of embryo development when the male and female pronuclei can be observed
Newly fertilized oocyte

A

Ootid

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11
Q

One of the largest single cells in body
High cytoplasm:nucleus ratio

A

Ootid

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12
Q

Embryo undergoes a series of mitotic divisions

A

Cleavage divisions

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13
Q

First cleavage generates a

A

2-cell embryo

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14
Q

Each cell of the 2-cell embryo is called a

A

Blastomere

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15
Q

Each cell of the 2-cell embryo is of proportionate side and represents almost exactly ____ of a single celled zygote

A

Half

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16
Q

Each blastomere undergoes subsequent divisions, yielding a ____, _____, _____ celled embryo

A

4
8
16

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17
Q

Early on in development, each blastomere has ability to develop into

A

Separate healthy offspring

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18
Q

Blastomeres from the 2-,4-,8-,16-celled embryos and even further into development are

A

Totipotent

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19
Q

When a single cell (blastomere) gives rise to a complete, fully formed individual

A

Totipotency

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20
Q

As cleavage divisions proceed, the cells become progressively _______ with no net _____ in the size of the embryo

A

Smaller
Increase

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21
Q

Why as cell cleavage divisions proceed do the cells become progressively smaller with no net increase in the size of the embryo?

A

Because you started with a fixed volume

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22
Q

When a solid ball of cells is formed and you can no longer count how many blastomeres are present

A

Morula stage

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23
Q

Cells in center of the morula become more ________ than those cells in the outer region

A

Compacted

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24
Q

Develop gap junctions

A

Inner cells

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25
Q

Allow for intracellular communication and may allow cells to remain in a defined cluster

A

Gap junctions

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26
Q

Develop tight junctions

A

Outer cells

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27
Q

Cell to cell adhesions
Alter the permeability characteristics of the outer cells

A

Tight junctions

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28
Q

After tight junctions are formed, _____ accumulates inside the embryo

A

Fluid

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29
Q

Brought about by an active sodium pump in outer cells which pump into center portion of morula

A

Fluid accumulation

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30
Q

Fluid-filled cavity

A

Blastocoele

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31
Q

When a distinct cavity (blastocoele) is recognizable

A

Blastocyst

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32
Q

2 cellular populations

A

Inner cell mass
Trophoblast

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33
Q

Becomes fetus proper

A

Inner cell mass

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34
Q

Becomes chorion - fetal portion of placenta

A

Trophoblast

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35
Q

Trophoblastic cells produce

A

Proteolytic enzymes

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36
Q

Weaken zona pellucida so it easily ruptures upon increased growth of blastocyst

A

Proteolytic enzymes

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37
Q

Blastocyst contracts and relaxes producing

A

Intermittent pressure pulses

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38
Q

3 forces governing hatching of blastocyst

A

Growth and fluid accumulation within blastocyst
Production of enzymes by trophoblastic cells
Contraction of blastocyst

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39
Q

Free-floating embryo without the zona pellucida
Squeezes out of the opening of the development of the small crack in the zona pellucida

A

Hatched blastocyst

40
Q

Cow: the embryo increases from ___ mm to ____ mm in __ days and is long and looks like a _________ ______

A

3mm
250mm
4 days
Filamentous thread

41
Q

Cow: on day 18, blastocyst occupies both

A

Uterine horns

42
Q

Pig: embryo increases from ___ mm to ____ mm in __ days

A

2mm
200mm
2 days

43
Q

Pig: hatched blastocyst grows at a rate of ___ to _____ mm per hour

A

4 to 8

44
Q

Pig: by day 16, hatched blastocyst has reached ____ to ______ mm in length

A

800 to 1000 mm

45
Q

________ _______ formation is essential for embryo to attach to uterus of ram

A

Extraembryonic membrane

46
Q

There are 4 membranes which originate from the ________, the ________ ______ and the _______

A

Trophectoderm
Primitive endoderm
Embryo

47
Q

Extraembryonic membranes of preattachment embryo consists of

A

Yolk sac
Chorion
Amnion
Allantois

48
Q

Eventually attaches to uterus

A

Chorion

49
Q

Fluid-filled protective sac for fetus

A

Amnion

50
Q

Chorion and amnion develop from

A

Trophyblast
Primitive endoderm

51
Q

Yolk sac develops from

A

Primitive endoderm

52
Q

Contributes primordial germ cells which migrate to genital ridge

A

Yolk sac

53
Q

Filled with fluid
Serves to protect embryo from mechanical perturbations
Acts as an anti-adhesion material to prevent tissues in embryo from adhering to each other

A

Amniotic cavity (sac)

54
Q

Fluid filled sac that collects liquid from embryo

A

Allantoic cavity

55
Q

_________ ____ continues to expand until pressed against _____ and eventually fuses with it

A

Allantoic cavity
Chorion

56
Q

Allantoic cavity fused with the chorion
Fetal contribution to placenta and provides surface for attachments to endometrium to uterus

A

Chorioallantoic membrane

57
Q

Series of events by which conceptus initially signals it’s presence to the dam and enables pregnancy to continue

A

Maternal recognition of pregnancy

58
Q

What of ruminants releases oxytocin

A

CL

59
Q

What stimulates uterine endometrial cells to synthesize PGF2alpha

A

Oxytocin

60
Q

Production of PGF2alpha is dependent on threshold number of ________ ________ synthesized by endometrial cells during critical time in estrous cycle

A

Oxytocin receptors

61
Q

In what species does the blastocyst block synthesis of endometrial oxytocin receptors

A

Cow
Ewe

62
Q

In the cow and the ewe, the blastocyst produces specific proteins that provide signal for prevention of

A

Luteolysis

63
Q

Special proteins
Produced by leukocytes, fibroblasts, lymphocytes and trophoblastic cells

A

Interferons

64
Q

Types of interferons

A

Ovine interferon tau
Bovine interferon tau

65
Q

Interferons have _______ action and alter the function of ______ _____

A

Antiviral
Target cells

66
Q

Small protein
Produced by trophoblastic cells of blastocyst
Promotes protein synthesis
Inhibits oxytocin receptor synthesis

A

Ovine interferon tau

67
Q

Pig blastocyst produces ______ which serves as signal for _______ ______ of pregnancy

A

Estradiol
Maternal recognition

68
Q

In what species is PGF2alpha produced in significant quantities and is rerouted into uterine lumen

A

Sow

69
Q

Pig embryo produces estradiol between day ___ and ___ after ovulation

A

11 and 12

70
Q

In pigs, PGF2alpha has little access to ______ and can’t cause _______

A

Vasculature
Luteolysis

71
Q

In the pig, at least __ conceptuses myst be present in each uterine horn for pregnancy to be maintained

A

2

72
Q

In the mare, presence of ______ causes prevention of luteolysis

A

Conceptus

73
Q

In mares, what must migrate within uterus from one horn to the other

A

Conceptus

74
Q

Equine conceptus does not _______which means less contact between ______ and ______ _______

A

Elongate
Conceptus
Uterine endometrium

75
Q

The net effect of successful pregnancy recognition is maintenance of

A

High blood progesterone concentrations

76
Q

Extraembryonic membranes form an attachment with uterine endometrium to provide semi—permanent link between day and fetus

A

Placenta

77
Q

What animal has no vagina, but retains a urogential sinus

A

Nine-banded armadillo

78
Q

The nine-banded armadillo gives birth to

A

Identical quadruplets

79
Q

True implantation does not occur in

A

Domestic animals

80
Q

In rodents, a successful pregnancy can be terminated if an alien male shows up and hangs out with the pregnant female

A

The Bruce Effect

81
Q

A pair of Indian pythons have been observed copulating for ____ days

A

180

82
Q

After copulation, the male garter snake plugs the female’s cloaca with a material made from

A

Renal secretions

83
Q

Cantharidin has been illegal since the

A

1800s

84
Q

What insects were believed to increase penile turgidity and prevent ejaculation

A

Dragonflies
Silkworms

85
Q

Scale insects and stink bugs were considered by the Chinese as

A

Aphrodisiacs

86
Q

The word aphrodisiac is derived from the name of the Greek goddess of love ______

A

Aphrodite

87
Q

When and by who was the book “The Male Generative Organs-Health and Disease from Infancy to Old Age” created

A

1848
Frederick Holland

88
Q

What was the punishment for several male sex offenders in 12th century BC

A

Castration

89
Q

What was likely the first survivable surgery in humans

A

Castration

90
Q

Who thought that the function of the testis was only as a weight to keep the kinks out of the ductus deferens

A

Aristotle

91
Q

What animal begin their life as males, but then most change into a female with a slight twist

A

Peppermint shrimp

92
Q

On average, the bilaterally castrated man lives ___ years longer than intact men

A

12

93
Q

In cephalopods, the male deposits a special sperm package called a ______ in the female body cavity by the way of an artificial penis

A

spermatophore

94
Q

What is the name of the artificial penis in cephalopods that is also a specially modified tentacle

A

Hectocotylus

95
Q

Spiders have an artificial penis that is a leg that doubles as a penis and is known scientifically as a

A

Maxillary palp

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