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Repro > Endocriniology Of The Male And Spermatogenesis - Exam 3 > Flashcards

Endocriniology Of The Male And Spermatogenesis - Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The male does not develop a _____ _______ in the hypothalamus

A

Surge center

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2
Q

The discharge of GnRH from the hypothalamus in the male occurs in

A

Frequent, intermittent bursts

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3
Q

Bursts of GnRH cause discharges of ___ which follow almost immediately after the GnRH episode

A

LH

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4
Q

Concentrations of ____ are lower, but the pulses are of _____ duration than LH because of the relatively constant secretion of _____ by the adult testis

A

FSH
Longer
Inhibin

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5
Q

LH pulses are closely followed by pulses of _______

A

Testosterone

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6
Q

High interstitial concentrations of ___________ are essential to spermatogenesis but need not be present continually

A

testosterone

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7
Q

The ______ _____ may become refractory to high levels of LH

A

Leydig cells

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8
Q

Unresponsive, or not yielding to treatment
Pulses maintain a constant hormonal supply

A

Refractory

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9
Q

An increase in ___________ leads to decreased ____ over time due to ________ feedback on the anterior pituitary

A

Testosterone
FSH
Negative

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10
Q

_____ _____ need FSH to function properly

A

Sertoli cells

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11
Q

What allows Sertoli cells to continue to function appropriately

A

Periodic decrease in testosterone removes the negative feedback on FSH

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12
Q

Testosterone can do 2 things

A

Cross basement membrane and diffuse into Sertoli cells to be converted into both DHT and estradiol-17B
Provide negative feedback on the hypothalamus through vasculature

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13
Q

The 2 cell types of the testis are very similar to follicle cells

A

Leydig cells - similar to Theca interna
Sertoli cells - similar to Granulosal cells

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14
Q

Testes produces

A

Estradiol and other estrogens - negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus

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15
Q

Spermatogenesis takes place in the

A

Seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

Spermatogenesis consists of 3 phases

A

Proliferation
Meiosis
Differentiation

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17
Q

Mitotic divisions involving proliferation and maintenance of spermatogonia

A

Proliferation

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18
Q

Spermocytes give rise to spermatids

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

Morphological transformation of spherical spermatids into fully differentiated, highly specialized spermatozoa

A

Differentiation

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20
Q

3 types of spermatogonia

A

A-spermatogonia
I-spermatogonia
B-spermatogonia

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21
Q

How is spermatogenesis different from oogenesis?

A

Constant pool of sperm is always present

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22
Q

Spermatogenesis has a constant supply of stem cells that divide _______ to provide a continual supply of ___________

A

Mitotically
A-spermatogonia

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23
Q

The process of spermatogenesis can continue

A

Indefinitely

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24
Q

Developing germ cells are interconnected by

A

Intracellular bridges

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25
Q

The cytoplasm of en entire cohort of cells is

A

Interconnected

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26
Q

Only ___________ are found in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule

A

Spermatogonia

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27
Q

As sperm mature they move toward the

A

Lumen

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28
Q

Marked by development of the flagellum and mitochondrial helix

A

Differentiation

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29
Q

4 phases of differentiation

A

Golgi phase
Cap phase
Acrosomal phase
Maturation phase

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30
Q

Acrosomic vesicle formation

A

Golgi phase

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31
Q

Acrosomic vesicle spreading over nucleus

A

Cap phase

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32
Q

Nuclear and cytoplasmic elongation

A

Acrosomal phase

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33
Q

Final assembly to form a spermatozoan

A

Maturation phase

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34
Q

What forms the Golgi apparatus

A

Proacrosomic granules

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35
Q

Golgi phase - spermatid contains a large highly developed _____ _________

A

Golgi apparatus

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36
Q

Intracellular packaging system for all secretory cell types

A

Golgi phase

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37
Q

Proacrosomic granules fuse to form the

A

Acrosomic vesicle

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38
Q

Acrosomic vesicle contains a

A

Dense, Acrosomic granule

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39
Q

What are continually added so the Acrosomic vesicle increases in size

A

Smaller vesicles

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40
Q

Centrioles migrate from the _______ to the base of the _______

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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41
Q

What gives rise to the implantation apparatus that allows the flagellum to be attached to the nucleus

A

Proximal centriole

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42
Q

What gives rise to the axenome

A

Distal centriole

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43
Q

The central portion of flagellum or sperm tail

A

Axenome

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44
Q

What forms a distinct, easily recognized cap over the anterior portion of the nucleus

A

Acrosome

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45
Q

Has an outer acrosomal membrane and an inner acrosomal membrane

A

Cap phase

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46
Q

Packages the acrosomal contents and membranes

A

Golgi body

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47
Q

The Golgi body moves away from the ______ toward the _____ end

A

Nucleus
Caudal

48
Q

What forms the primitive tail

A

Distal centriole

49
Q

What projects away from the nucleus toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

A

Primitive tail

50
Q

Nucleus and cytoplasm begin to elongate
Mitochondria appear

A

Acrosomal phase

51
Q

The cytoplasm continues to spread until it covers about____ of the anterior nucleus

52
Q

Forms a unique set of microtubules which extend from the posterior nucleus to just below the Acrosome

A

Manchester forms

53
Q

Some of the Manchester will form the

A

Post nuclear cap

54
Q

Cylindrical elements that move chromosomes on the nuclear spindle during meiosis and mitosis

A

Microtubules

55
Q

The neck and annulars begin to form in what phase

A

Acrosomal phase

56
Q

What phase does the sperm become deeply imbedded in the Sertoli cells with their tails protruding into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

A

Acrosomal phase

57
Q

What phase does the mitochondria assemble around flagellum and assemble in a helical fashion

A

Maturation phase

58
Q

The post nuclear cap is formed from the

A

Microtubules of the manchette

59
Q

What forms the juncture between the middle piece and the principal piece of the sperm tail

60
Q

Sperm are released from the Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermiation

61
Q

Spermiation is analogous to ovulation in the female except

A

Internal release of gametes instead of external
Continuously instead of cyclically

62
Q

Structure of spermatozoa

A

Composed of a head and tail

63
Q

Nucleas + acrosome + post-nuclear cap

A

Head of spermatozoa

64
Q

Middle piece + principal piece + terminal piece

A

Tail of spermatozoa

65
Q

Has a characteristic shape for each species

A

Head of spermatozoa

66
Q

Chromatin in sperm is compacted and highly kertanized
Keratinoid proteins

A

Acrosome reaction

67
Q

High degree of disulfide cross-linking
Found in hair, claws, hooves, feathers

A

Keratinoid proteins

68
Q

Head of spermatozoa is composed of

A

Apical ridge
Acrosome
Plasma membrane
Post nuclear cap
Nuclear ring or equatorial segment
Nucleus

69
Q

Membrane bound lysosome which contains hydrolytic enzymes
Allows release of enzymes packages in it to digest or penetrate zona pellucida
Covers 2/3 of anterior portion of nucleus

70
Q

Flattened, oval and surrounded by nuclear membrane

71
Q

Acrosin, hyaluronidase, zona lysin, esterases and acid hydrolases

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

72
Q

DNA is highly

A

Keratinized

73
Q

Tail of spermatozoa is composed of

A

Capitulum
Middle-piece
Principal piece
Terminal piece

74
Q

Fits into the implantation socket at posterior portion of head

75
Q

Composed of course outer fibers and laminated column
Gives flexibility so tail can move laterally from side to side during flagellar beat

A

Middle-piece

76
Q

Annulus and end of flagellum mark boundaries of this piece
Internal portion is the axenome

A

Principal piece

77
Q

End portion of tail

A

Terminal piece

78
Q

Progression through a complete series of cellular association at one location along the seminiferous tubule

A

Cycle of seminiferous epithelium

79
Q

Time required for the cycle of seminiferous epithelium to occur

A

Duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium

80
Q

Can observe 4-5 layers of germ cells within any

A

Cross-section of seminiferous epithelium

81
Q

Cells in each layer of the seminiferous epithelium comprise a

A

Generation

82
Q

A cohort of cells that develops as a synchronized group

A

Generation

83
Q

All cross-sections are actively engaging in

A

Spermatogenesis

84
Q

Only ____ cross section is ready to release mature spermatozoa

85
Q

Specific cellular interactions

86
Q

Time required for completion of 1 state (cellular association)

A

Stage duration

87
Q

Progression through sequences of all stages

88
Q

Time required to complete 1 cycle

A

Cycle duration

89
Q

1 cycle in the bull takes ___ days

90
Q

It takes ____ cycles for A-spermatogonia to develop and reach spermiation

91
Q

Distribution of stages along the length of seminiferous tubules at any given instant in time

A

Spermatogenic wave

92
Q

What provides a constant supply of sperm to the epididymis for ejaculation

A

Spermatogenic wave

93
Q

The site of spermiation _____ along the length of the seminiferous tubule creating a wave of sperm release along the length of the tubule

94
Q

There is a _______ correlation between the size of the testis and it’s ability to produce spermatozoa

95
Q

Affects spermatids first and then spermatocytes but not much affect on spermatogonia

A

Heat stress

96
Q

Heat stress does not kill sperm, but slows down

A

Spermatogenesis

97
Q

Spermatozoa of the American opossum are ejaculated I’m

98
Q

What have more progressive motility than single cells

99
Q

A spell was put on Aphrodite’s son to make him ugly
Small stature
Large penis that was always erect

100
Q

The name priapus gave rise to the medical term

101
Q

Persistent sometimes painful erection of the penis

102
Q

Greek god of fertility

103
Q

Cure for impotence

104
Q

What was kept in gardens to ensure fertility crops and to scare away thieves

A

Statues of priapus

105
Q

What are prized as gourmet treats

106
Q

What are highly valued hors d’oeuvres in Japan

A

Dolphin testicles

107
Q

What are served at social events surrounding the occasion of a bull fight in Spain

A

Bull testicles

108
Q

Annual semen production of bulls: ejaculations

A

42-43,000 per year

109
Q

Annual semen production of bulls: spermatozoa

A

205 trillion per year

110
Q

Production of fertile spermatozoa requires _________ regulation of testis

111
Q

Production of fertile spermatozoa requires ________ divisions of spermatogonia

112
Q

Production of fertile spermatozoa requires _______ divisions resulting in haploid spermatids

113
Q

Production of fertile spermatozoa requires morphological transformation of ________ into spermatozoa

A

Spermatids

114
Q

Endocrine requirements for sperm to be produced are adequate production of _____ from hypothalamus

115
Q

Endocrine requirements for sperm to be produced are _____ and ____ secretion from the anterior pituitary gland

116
Q

Endocrine requirements for sperm to be produced are secretion of ________ _______

A

Gonadal steroids
(Testosterone mostly)

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