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Repro > Endocriniology Of The Male And Spermatogenesis - Exam 3 > Flashcards

Endocriniology Of The Male And Spermatogenesis - Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The male does not develop a _____ _______ in the hypothalamus

A

Surge center

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2
Q

The discharge of GnRH from the hypothalamus in the male occurs in

A

Frequent, intermittent bursts

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3
Q

Bursts of GnRH cause discharges of ___ which follow almost immediately after the GnRH episode

A

LH

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4
Q

Concentrations of ____ are lower, but the pulses are of _____ duration than LH because of the relatively constant secretion of _____ by the adult testis

A

FSH
Longer
Inhibin

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5
Q

LH pulses are closely followed by pulses of _______

A

Testosterone

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6
Q

High interstitial concentrations of ___________ are essential to spermatogenesis but need not be present continually

A

testosterone

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7
Q

The ______ _____ may become refractory to high levels of LH

A

Leydig cells

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8
Q

Unresponsive, or not yielding to treatment
Pulses maintain a constant hormonal supply

A

Refractory

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9
Q

An increase in ___________ leads to decreased ____ over time due to ________ feedback on the anterior pituitary

A

Testosterone
FSH
Negative

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10
Q

_____ _____ need FSH to function properly

A

Sertoli cells

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11
Q

What allows Sertoli cells to continue to function appropriately

A

Periodic decrease in testosterone removes the negative feedback on FSH

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12
Q

Testosterone can do 2 things

A

Cross basement membrane and diffuse into Sertoli cells to be converted into both DHT and estradiol-17B
Provide negative feedback on the hypothalamus through vasculature

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13
Q

The 2 cell types of the testis are very similar to follicle cells

A

Leydig cells - similar to Theca interna
Sertoli cells - similar to Granulosal cells

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14
Q

Testes produces

A

Estradiol and other estrogens - negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus

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15
Q

Spermatogenesis takes place in the

A

Seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

Spermatogenesis consists of 3 phases

A

Proliferation
Meiosis
Differentiation

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17
Q

Mitotic divisions involving proliferation and maintenance of spermatogonia

A

Proliferation

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18
Q

Spermocytes give rise to spermatids

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

Morphological transformation of spherical spermatids into fully differentiated, highly specialized spermatozoa

A

Differentiation

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20
Q

3 types of spermatogonia

A

A-spermatogonia
I-spermatogonia
B-spermatogonia

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21
Q

How is spermatogenesis different from oogenesis?

A

Constant pool of sperm is always present

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22
Q

Spermatogenesis has a constant supply of stem cells that divide _______ to provide a continual supply of ___________

A

Mitotically
A-spermatogonia

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23
Q

The process of spermatogenesis can continue

A

Indefinitely

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24
Q

Developing germ cells are interconnected by

A

Intracellular bridges

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25
The cytoplasm of en entire cohort of cells is
Interconnected
26
Only ___________ are found in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule
Spermatogonia
27
As sperm mature they move toward the
Lumen
28
Marked by development of the flagellum and mitochondrial helix
Differentiation
29
4 phases of differentiation
Golgi phase Cap phase Acrosomal phase Maturation phase
30
Acrosomic vesicle formation
Golgi phase
31
Acrosomic vesicle spreading over nucleus
Cap phase
32
Nuclear and cytoplasmic elongation
Acrosomal phase
33
Final assembly to form a spermatozoan
Maturation phase
34
What forms the Golgi apparatus
Proacrosomic granules
35
Golgi phase - spermatid contains a large highly developed _____ _________
Golgi apparatus
36
Intracellular packaging system for all secretory cell types
Golgi phase
37
Proacrosomic granules fuse to form the
Acrosomic vesicle
38
Acrosomic vesicle contains a
Dense, Acrosomic granule
39
What are continually added so the Acrosomic vesicle increases in size
Smaller vesicles
40
Centrioles migrate from the _______ to the base of the _______
Cytoplasm Nucleus
41
What gives rise to the implantation apparatus that allows the flagellum to be attached to the nucleus
Proximal centriole
42
What gives rise to the axenome
Distal centriole
43
The central portion of flagellum or sperm tail
Axenome
44
What forms a distinct, easily recognized cap over the anterior portion of the nucleus
Acrosome
45
Has an outer acrosomal membrane and an inner acrosomal membrane
Cap phase
46
Packages the acrosomal contents and membranes
Golgi body
47
The Golgi body moves away from the ______ toward the _____ end
Nucleus Caudal
48
What forms the primitive tail
Distal centriole
49
What projects away from the nucleus toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
Primitive tail
50
Nucleus and cytoplasm begin to elongate Mitochondria appear
Acrosomal phase
51
The cytoplasm continues to spread until it covers about____ of the anterior nucleus
2/3
52
Forms a unique set of microtubules which extend from the posterior nucleus to just below the Acrosome
Manchester forms
53
Some of the Manchester will form the
Post nuclear cap
54
Cylindrical elements that move chromosomes on the nuclear spindle during meiosis and mitosis
Microtubules
55
The neck and annulars begin to form in what phase
Acrosomal phase
56
What phase does the sperm become deeply imbedded in the Sertoli cells with their tails protruding into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
Acrosomal phase
57
What phase does the mitochondria assemble around flagellum and assemble in a helical fashion
Maturation phase
58
The post nuclear cap is formed from the
Microtubules of the manchette
59
What forms the juncture between the middle piece and the principal piece of the sperm tail
Annulus
60
Sperm are released from the Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
Spermiation
61
Spermiation is analogous to ovulation in the female except
Internal release of gametes instead of external Continuously instead of cyclically
62
Structure of spermatozoa
Composed of a head and tail
63
Nucleas + acrosome + post-nuclear cap
Head of spermatozoa
64
Middle piece + principal piece + terminal piece
Tail of spermatozoa
65
Has a characteristic shape for each species
Head of spermatozoa
66
Chromatin in sperm is compacted and highly kertanized Keratinoid proteins
Acrosome reaction
67
High degree of disulfide cross-linking Found in hair, claws, hooves, feathers
Keratinoid proteins
68
Head of spermatozoa is composed of
Apical ridge Acrosome Plasma membrane Post nuclear cap Nuclear ring or equatorial segment Nucleus
69
Membrane bound lysosome which contains hydrolytic enzymes Allows release of enzymes packages in it to digest or penetrate zona pellucida Covers 2/3 of anterior portion of nucleus
Acrosome
70
Flattened, oval and surrounded by nuclear membrane
Nucleus
71
Acrosin, hyaluronidase, zona lysin, esterases and acid hydrolases
Hydrolytic enzymes
72
DNA is highly
Keratinized
73
Tail of spermatozoa is composed of
Capitulum Middle-piece Principal piece Terminal piece
74
Fits into the implantation socket at posterior portion of head
Capitulum
75
Composed of course outer fibers and laminated column Gives flexibility so tail can move laterally from side to side during flagellar beat
Middle-piece
76
Annulus and end of flagellum mark boundaries of this piece Internal portion is the axenome
Principal piece
77
End portion of tail
Terminal piece
78
Progression through a complete series of cellular association at one location along the seminiferous tubule
Cycle of seminiferous epithelium
79
Time required for the cycle of seminiferous epithelium to occur
Duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium
80
Can observe 4-5 layers of germ cells within any
Cross-section of seminiferous epithelium
81
Cells in each layer of the seminiferous epithelium comprise a
Generation
82
A cohort of cells that develops as a synchronized group
Generation
83
All cross-sections are actively engaging in
Spermatogenesis
84
Only ____ cross section is ready to release mature spermatozoa
One
85
Specific cellular interactions
Stage
86
Time required for completion of 1 state (cellular association)
Stage duration
87
Progression through sequences of all stages
Cycle
88
Time required to complete 1 cycle
Cycle duration
89
1 cycle in the bull takes ___ days
13.5
90
It takes ____ cycles for A-spermatogonia to develop and reach spermiation
4.5
91
Distribution of stages along the length of seminiferous tubules at any given instant in time
Spermatogenic wave
92
What provides a constant supply of sperm to the epididymis for ejaculation
Spermatogenic wave
93
The site of spermiation _____ along the length of the seminiferous tubule creating a wave of sperm release along the length of the tubule
Changes
94
There is a _______ correlation between the size of the testis and it’s ability to produce spermatozoa
Strong
95
Affects spermatids first and then spermatocytes but not much affect on spermatogonia
Heat stress
96
Heat stress does not kill sperm, but slows down
Spermatogenesis
97
Spermatozoa of the American opossum are ejaculated I’m
Doublets
98
What have more progressive motility than single cells
Doublets
99
A spell was put on Aphrodite’s son to make him ugly Small stature Large penis that was always erect
Priapus
100
The name priapus gave rise to the medical term
Priapism
101
Persistent sometimes painful erection of the penis
Priapism
102
Greek god of fertility
Priapus
103
Cure for impotence
Priapus
104
What was kept in gardens to ensure fertility crops and to scare away thieves
Statues of priapus
105
What are prized as gourmet treats
Testes
106
What are highly valued hors d’oeuvres in Japan
Dolphin testicles
107
What are served at social events surrounding the occasion of a bull fight in Spain
Bull testicles
108
Annual semen production of bulls: ejaculations
42-43,000 per year
109
Annual semen production of bulls: spermatozoa
205 trillion per year
110
Production of fertile spermatozoa requires _________ regulation of testis
Endocrine
111
Production of fertile spermatozoa requires ________ divisions of spermatogonia
Mitotic
112
Production of fertile spermatozoa requires _______ divisions resulting in haploid spermatids
Meiotic
113
Production of fertile spermatozoa requires morphological transformation of ________ into spermatozoa
Spermatids
114
Endocrine requirements for sperm to be produced are adequate production of _____ from hypothalamus
GnRH
115
Endocrine requirements for sperm to be produced are _____ and ____ secretion from the anterior pituitary gland
FSH LH
116
Endocrine requirements for sperm to be produced are secretion of ________ _______
Gonadal steroids (Testosterone mostly)

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