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Repro > Chapter 14 - Exam 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Mammals with a placenta

A

Eutherian mammals

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2
Q

Ensures that the developing conceptus will be provided with adequate nutrition and protection during its development

A

Intrauterine development

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3
Q

Animals which lay eggs
Can’t completely protect eggs from environmental or predatory danger

A

Oviparous

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4
Q

Final steps of reproduction are

A

Formation of a placenta
Acquisition of endocrine function of the placenta
Parturition

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5
Q

Transient organ of metabolic interchange between the conceptus and dam
A transient endocrine organ
Produces a variety of hormones

A

Placenta

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6
Q

The placenta is composed of a ________ component and a ________ component

A

Fetal
Maternal

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7
Q

Giving birth to young
Final step in reproductive process

A

Parturition

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8
Q

Parturition is initiated by the

A

Fetus

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9
Q

Parturition involves complex cascade of endocrine events that promote….

A

Myometrial contractions
Dilation of cervix
Expulsion of fetus and extra embryonic membranes

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10
Q

Functional unit of the fetal placenta

A

Chorionic villus

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11
Q

Small, finger-like projections that appear on the surface of the

A

Chorion

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12
Q

Placentas are classified by distribution of _________ ______ on surface of chorion

A

Chorionic villi

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13
Q

4 types of placenta:

A

Diffuse
Cotyledonary
Zonary
Discoid

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14
Q

Type of placenta: uniform distribution and of chorionic villi which cover the surface of the chorion
Sow and mare

A

Diffuse

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15
Q

Animal placenta: velvet-like surface with many closely spaced chorionic villi

A

Sow

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16
Q

Animal placenta: many specialized “microzones” of chorionic villi

A

Mare

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17
Q

Specialized “microzones” of chorionic villi

A

Microcotyledons

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18
Q

Unique transitory structures of chorionic villi in the mare
Produce eCG

A

Endometrial cups

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19
Q

Type of placenta: large number of discrete button-like structures (cotyledons)
Unit of placenta of trophoblastic origin consisting of abundant blood vessels and connective tissue

A

Cotledonary

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20
Q

Type of placenta found in ruminants

A

Cotyledonary

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21
Q

Type of placenta found in mares and sows

A

Diffuse

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22
Q

How many Cotyledons does an ewe have

A

90-100

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23
Q

How many cotyledons does a cow have

A

70-120

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24
Q

Point of interface between placenta and uterus

A

Placentome

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25
Q

Placentome consists of

A

Feral cotyledon
Maternal caruncle

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26
Q

Type of placenta: band like zone in center of placental unit

A

Zonary

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27
Q

Type of placenta found in dogs and cats

A

Zonary

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28
Q

Type of zone: highly pigmented ring at either end of central zone
Consists of small hematomas
Unknown function

A

2nd zone

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29
Q

Type of zone: transparent on distal ends of chorion
Poor vascularity

A

3rd zone

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30
Q

Type of placenta: either 1 or 2 disc-like structures on the chorion

A

Discoid

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31
Q

Type of placenta found in humans and rodents

A

Discoid

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32
Q

4 types of placenta based on number of placental layers

A

Epitheliochorial
Endotheliochorial
Hemochorial
Hemoendothelial

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33
Q

Least intimate among placental types
Both endometrial epithelium and epithelium of chorionic villi remain intact
7 placental layers

A

Epitheliochorial

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34
Q

Animals with 7 placental layers (epitheliochorial)

A

Sow
Mare
Ruminants (cow and ewe)

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35
Q

Subsection of Epitheliochorial

A

Syndesmochorial

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36
Q

A unique cell type found in the ruminant placenta
Quite large with 2 nuclei

A

Binucleate giant cells (BNGC)

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37
Q

Binucleate giant cells originate from

A

Trophoblast cells

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38
Q

Binucleate giant cells secrete

A

Placental lactogen
Pregnancy specific protein B

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39
Q

Protein unique to ruminants

A

Pregnancy specific protein B

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40
Q

Complete erosion of endometrial epithelium and surrounding interstitium
Maternal capillaries are directly exposed to epithelial cells of chorion
5 layers

A

Endotheliochorial

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41
Q

What animals have 5 placental layers (endotheliochorial)

A

Dogs
Cats

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42
Q

_________ is more intimate than epitheliochorial because there is no ________ _______

A

Endotheliochorial
Endometrial epithelium

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43
Q

Chorionic epithelium is in direct apposition to maternal pools of blood
Nutrients and gases are exchanged directly from maternal blood and must move through only 3 layers
3 layers

A

Hemochorial

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44
Q

What animals have 3 placental layers (hemochorial)

A

Primates
Mice

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45
Q

Most intimate type of placenta
Barriers to waste nutrients and gaseous transfer are almost non-existent
No direct exchange of blood components between fetal and maternal side
1 layer

A

Hemoendothelial

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46
Q

Animals with 1 placenta layer (hemoendothelial)

A

Rabbit
Rat
Guinea pig

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47
Q

Placenta regulates exchange between ____ and _____

A

Fetus
Dam

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48
Q

Placenta mechanism:
Gases and water pass from low to high concentrations
Active transport pumps for sodium, potassium, and calcium

A

Simple diffusion

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49
Q

Placenta mechanisms:

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport

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50
Q

Placenta mechanism: glucose and other metabolically imported materials are transported using carrier molecules

A

Facilitated diffusion

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51
Q

Major source of energy for the fetus

A

Glucose

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52
Q

Glucose is most derived from

A

Maternal circulation

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53
Q

Results from metabolism of body fat, which generates ketones for energy when glucose is limited

A

Ketosis

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54
Q

Ketosis after parturition is common in _____ ____ where metabolic demands are high due to _____ _________

A

Dairy cows
Milk production

55
Q

Immunoglobulins can be transported in __________ and ________ placentas

A

Endotheliochorial
Hemochorial

56
Q

Fetus synthesizes it’s own proteins from ______ ______ that are contributed from the dam

A

Amino acids

57
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: immunoglobulins

A

Can

58
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: maternal proteins

A

Can’t

59
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: large peptide hormones
(Thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenal cortical stimulating hormone, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon)

A

Can’t

60
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: small molecular weight hormones
(Steroids and thyroid hormones)

A

Can

61
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: lipids

A

Can’t

62
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: water soluble vitamins

A

Can

63
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: fat soluble vitamins

A

Can’t

64
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: toxic and potentially pathogenic compounds
(Ethyl alcohol, lead, phosphorous, mercury)

A

Can

65
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: drugs and pharmaceuticals
(LSD and amphetamines)

A

Can

66
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: microorganisms

A

Can

67
Q

Can or can’t cross the placenta: viruses
(Measles and HIV)

A

Can

68
Q

Placenta produces hormones that can: stimulate _______ ________
Maintain ________
Influence _____ _______
Stimulate ________ __________
Assist in _________

A

Ovarian function
Pregnancy
Fetal growth
Mammary function
Parturition

69
Q

1st gonadotropin of placental origin is

A

eCG

70
Q

eCG acts as a ______ and provides stimulus for maintenance of ______ ___

A

Leutropin
Primary CL

71
Q

As eCG increases, the pregnant mare will often

A

Ovulate

72
Q

eCG promotes luteunization of ______ _______ which don’t ovulate

A

Antral follicles

73
Q

eCG has _____ -like actions in other species

A

FSH

74
Q

2nd gonadotropin of placental origin is

A

hCG

75
Q

hCG is produced by

A

Trophoblast cells

76
Q

hCG is the basis for

A

Pregnancy tests

77
Q

hCG can be detected in ____ or _____ of pregnant women

A

Blood
Urine

78
Q

hCG role: to provide ______ stimulus for transition of _______ CL to CL or ________

A

Luteotropic
Ovulatory
Pregnancy

79
Q

Luteal cell receptors bind hCG resulting in sustained

A

Luteal progesterone production

80
Q

hCG can be used to induce ______ in other species

A

Ovulation

81
Q

What also secretes progesterone and estrogen

A

Placenta

82
Q

Inhibits myometrial contractions (induces quiescence) and provides stimulus for elevated secretion by the endometrial glands

A

Progesterone

83
Q

A peak in most species signals the early preparturient period

A

Estrogen

84
Q

Placental lactose has been found in

A

Rats
Nice
Sheep
Cows
Humans

85
Q

Placenta has _______ and _______ properties

A

Somatotropic
Lactogenic

86
Q

Promotes growth of fetus

A

Somatotropic

87
Q

Stimulates the mammary gland

A

Lacrogenic

88
Q

Promotes cervical softening

A

Relaxin

89
Q

Relaxin is found in

A

Humans
Mares
Cats
Pigs
Rabbits
Monkeys

90
Q

Fetus triggers the onset of partition by initiating a cascade complex ______/_______ events

A

Endocrine/biochemical

91
Q

3 stages of parturition

A

Initiating by myometrial contractions
Expulsion of fetus
Expulsion of fetal membranes

92
Q

Stage 1 of parturition is initiated by the

A

Fetus

93
Q

Peptide hormone secreted in response to stress

A

ACTH

94
Q

ACTH stimulates fetal adrenal cortex to produce

A

Corticoids

95
Q

Elevation of corricoids causes removal of the myometrial _____ _____ enabling contractions to begin and causes elevation of _______ ____ ______, particularly by the cervix

A

Progesterone block
Reproductive tract secretions

96
Q

Feral cortisol promotes synthesis of 3 enzymes that convert _________ to ______

A

Progesterone to estradiol

97
Q

Fetal corticoids causes ______ to synthesize

A

Placenta

98
Q

What helps abolish the progesterone block

A

PGF2alpha

99
Q

Stage 2 of parturition requires strong ______ and _______ muscle contractions

A

Myometrial
Abdominal

100
Q

As pressure increases in uterus, fetus rotates so front feet and head are positioned to _______ of dam

A

Posterior

101
Q

If rotation doesn’t occur, ______ may occur

A

Dystocia

102
Q

What further facilitates Myometrial contractions

A

Oxytocin

103
Q

Pressure ________, oxytocin _________, ________ _______ reach peak = fetus enters ______ ______

A

Increases
Increases
Myometrial contractions
Cervical canal

104
Q

Relaxin is stimulated by

A

PGF2ALPHA

105
Q

Causes softening of connective tissue in cervix and promote elasticity of pelvic ligaments

A

Relaxin

106
Q

What initiated secretory activity of the entire reproductive tract

A

Estradiol

107
Q

As estradiol increases, cervix and vagina produce

A

Mucus

108
Q

Washed out cervical seal of pregnancy and lubricates cervical canal and vagina

A

Mucus

109
Q

Reduces friction and enables fetus to exit reproductive tract with relative ease

A

Mucus

110
Q

Leads to rupture of placental membranes releasing amnionic and allantoic fluid

A

Pressure

111
Q

Serves to lubricator the birth canal

A

Amnionic and allantoic fluid

112
Q

As fetus enters birth canal, becomes

A

Hypoxic

113
Q

Deprived of adequate levels of oxygen

A

Hypoxic

114
Q

Stage 3 of parturition involved expulsion of the

A

Fetal membranes

115
Q

Causes of Dystocia

A

Size of fetus
Improper fetal rotation
Multiple births in monotocous species

116
Q

What term was derived from the false notion that Julius Caesar was born by removing him from his mother through an incision on the abdominal and uterine wall

A

Caesarean

117
Q

In what species does the female incubate the eggs in her mouth and in some species the male does the same

A

Teleost fishes

118
Q

In what species are males responsible for gestation

A

Pipe fishes
Sea horses

119
Q

What offers a special environment for developing offspring and under the control of prolactin

A

Brood pouch

120
Q

Lampreys use ____ to weigh down eggs and prevents them from floating downstream

A

Sand

121
Q

Infant kangaroos in their mother’s pouches nurse from ___ nipples, and two babies of different ages commonly nurse at the same time

A

Two

122
Q

Kangaroos produce two kinds of milk:
The younger kangaroo gets _____ _____ ___
The older kangaroo gets ____ ____

A

Fully rich milk
Skim milk

123
Q

What is the most prolific mammal in existence

A

Multimammate rat

124
Q

The mutimammate rate has ___ teats, the most of any female mammal

A

24

125
Q

What species act as housewives to other females

A

Egyptian spiny mouse

126
Q

The female african elephant has a gestation period of ___ years

A

1.8

127
Q

An African elephant calf weighs about ___ pounds at birth and nurses for ___ years

A

300
3

128
Q

During the 19th century, adultery was so feared that the ______ ____ was invented

A

Chastity belt

129
Q

During the Middle Ages, _________ was considered to be an honest and essential profession

A

Prostitution

130
Q

__________ was considered as a means to prevent adultery, homosexual tendencies and masturbation

A

Prostitution

131
Q

The Mayans believed in a

A

Maize god

132
Q

The Mayans believed that _____ was symbolic of both the male and female

A

Corn

133
Q

Convex species

A

Cow
Giraffe

134
Q

Concave species

A

Sheep
Goat

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