Chapter 14 - Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Mammals with a placenta
A
Eutherian mammals
2
Q
Ensures that the developing conceptus will be provided with adequate nutrition and protection during its development
A
Intrauterine development
3
Q
Animals which lay eggs
Can’t completely protect eggs from environmental or predatory danger
A
Oviparous
4
Q
Final steps of reproduction are
A
Formation of a placenta
Acquisition of endocrine function of the placenta
Parturition
5
Q
Transient organ of metabolic interchange between the conceptus and dam
A transient endocrine organ
Produces a variety of hormones
A
Placenta
6
Q
The placenta is composed of a ________ component and a ________ component
A
Fetal
Maternal
7
Q
Giving birth to young
Final step in reproductive process
A
Parturition
8
Q
Parturition is initiated by the
A
Fetus
9
Q
Parturition involves complex cascade of endocrine events that promote….
A
Myometrial contractions
Dilation of cervix
Expulsion of fetus and extra embryonic membranes
10
Q
Functional unit of the fetal placenta
A
Chorionic villus
11
Q
Small, finger-like projections that appear on the surface of the
A
Chorion
12
Q
Placentas are classified by distribution of _________ ______ on surface of chorion
A
Chorionic villi
13
Q
4 types of placenta:
A
Diffuse
Cotyledonary
Zonary
Discoid
14
Q
Type of placenta: uniform distribution and of chorionic villi which cover the surface of the chorion
Sow and mare
A
Diffuse
15
Q
Animal placenta: velvet-like surface with many closely spaced chorionic villi
A
Sow
16
Q
Animal placenta: many specialized “microzones” of chorionic villi
A
Mare
17
Q
Specialized “microzones” of chorionic villi
A
Microcotyledons
18
Q
Unique transitory structures of chorionic villi in the mare
Produce eCG
A
Endometrial cups
19
Q
Type of placenta: large number of discrete button-like structures (cotyledons)
Unit of placenta of trophoblastic origin consisting of abundant blood vessels and connective tissue
A
Cotledonary
20
Q
Type of placenta found in ruminants
A
Cotyledonary
21
Q
Type of placenta found in mares and sows
A
Diffuse
22
Q
How many Cotyledons does an ewe have
A
90-100
23
Q
How many cotyledons does a cow have
A
70-120
24
Q
Point of interface between placenta and uterus
A
Placentome
25
Placentome consists of
Feral cotyledon
Maternal caruncle
26
Type of placenta: band like zone in center of placental unit
Zonary
27
Type of placenta found in dogs and cats
Zonary
28
Type of zone: highly pigmented ring at either end of central zone
Consists of small hematomas
Unknown function
2nd zone
29
Type of zone: transparent on distal ends of chorion
Poor vascularity
3rd zone
30
Type of placenta: either 1 or 2 disc-like structures on the chorion
Discoid
31
Type of placenta found in humans and rodents
Discoid
32
4 types of placenta based on number of placental layers
Epitheliochorial
Endotheliochorial
Hemochorial
Hemoendothelial
33
Least intimate among placental types
Both endometrial epithelium and epithelium of chorionic villi remain intact
7 placental layers
Epitheliochorial
34
Animals with 7 placental layers (epitheliochorial)
Sow
Mare
Ruminants (cow and ewe)
35
Subsection of Epitheliochorial
Syndesmochorial
36
A unique cell type found in the ruminant placenta
Quite large with 2 nuclei
Binucleate giant cells (BNGC)
37
Binucleate giant cells originate from
Trophoblast cells
38
Binucleate giant cells secrete
Placental lactogen
Pregnancy specific protein B
39
Protein unique to ruminants
Pregnancy specific protein B
40
Complete erosion of endometrial epithelium and surrounding interstitium
Maternal capillaries are directly exposed to epithelial cells of chorion
5 layers
Endotheliochorial
41
What animals have 5 placental layers (endotheliochorial)
Dogs
Cats
42
_________ is more intimate than epitheliochorial because there is no ________ _______
Endotheliochorial
Endometrial epithelium
43
Chorionic epithelium is in direct apposition to maternal pools of blood
Nutrients and gases are exchanged directly from maternal blood and must move through only 3 layers
3 layers
Hemochorial
44
What animals have 3 placental layers (hemochorial)
Primates
Mice
45
Most intimate type of placenta
Barriers to waste nutrients and gaseous transfer are almost non-existent
No direct exchange of blood components between fetal and maternal side
1 layer
Hemoendothelial
46
Animals with 1 placenta layer (hemoendothelial)
Rabbit
Rat
Guinea pig
47
Placenta regulates exchange between ____ and _____
Fetus
Dam
48
Placenta mechanism:
Gases and water pass from low to high concentrations
Active transport pumps for sodium, potassium, and calcium
Simple diffusion
49
Placenta mechanisms:
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
50
Placenta mechanism: glucose and other metabolically imported materials are transported using carrier molecules
Facilitated diffusion
51
Major source of energy for the fetus
Glucose
52
Glucose is most derived from
Maternal circulation
53
Results from metabolism of body fat, which generates ketones for energy when glucose is limited
Ketosis
54
Ketosis after parturition is common in _____ ____ where metabolic demands are high due to _____ _________
Dairy cows
Milk production
55
Immunoglobulins can be transported in __________ and ________ placentas
Endotheliochorial
Hemochorial
56
Fetus synthesizes it’s own proteins from ______ ______ that are contributed from the dam
Amino acids
57
Can or can’t cross the placenta: immunoglobulins
Can
58
Can or can’t cross the placenta: maternal proteins
Can’t
59
Can or can’t cross the placenta: large peptide hormones
(Thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenal cortical stimulating hormone, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon)
Can’t
60
Can or can’t cross the placenta: small molecular weight hormones
(Steroids and thyroid hormones)
Can
61
Can or can’t cross the placenta: lipids
Can’t
62
Can or can’t cross the placenta: water soluble vitamins
Can
63
Can or can’t cross the placenta: fat soluble vitamins
Can’t
64
Can or can’t cross the placenta: toxic and potentially pathogenic compounds
(Ethyl alcohol, lead, phosphorous, mercury)
Can
65
Can or can’t cross the placenta: drugs and pharmaceuticals
(LSD and amphetamines)
Can
66
Can or can’t cross the placenta: microorganisms
Can
67
Can or can’t cross the placenta: viruses
(Measles and HIV)
Can
68
Placenta produces hormones that can: stimulate _______ ________
Maintain ________
Influence _____ _______
Stimulate ________ __________
Assist in _________
Ovarian function
Pregnancy
Fetal growth
Mammary function
Parturition
69
1st gonadotropin of placental origin is
eCG
70
eCG acts as a ______ and provides stimulus for maintenance of ______ ___
Leutropin
Primary CL
71
As eCG increases, the pregnant mare will often
Ovulate
72
eCG promotes luteunization of ______ _______ which don’t ovulate
Antral follicles
73
eCG has _____ -like actions in other species
FSH
74
2nd gonadotropin of placental origin is
hCG
75
hCG is produced by
Trophoblast cells
76
hCG is the basis for
Pregnancy tests
77
hCG can be detected in ____ or _____ of pregnant women
Blood
Urine
78
hCG role: to provide ______ stimulus for transition of _______ CL to CL or ________
Luteotropic
Ovulatory
Pregnancy
79
Luteal cell receptors bind hCG resulting in sustained
Luteal progesterone production
80
hCG can be used to induce ______ in other species
Ovulation
81
What also secretes progesterone and estrogen
Placenta
82
Inhibits myometrial contractions (induces quiescence) and provides stimulus for elevated secretion by the endometrial glands
Progesterone
83
A peak in most species signals the early preparturient period
Estrogen
84
Placental lactose has been found in
Rats
Nice
Sheep
Cows
Humans
85
Placenta has _______ and _______ properties
Somatotropic
Lactogenic
86
Promotes growth of fetus
Somatotropic
87
Stimulates the mammary gland
Lacrogenic
88
Promotes cervical softening
Relaxin
89
Relaxin is found in
Humans
Mares
Cats
Pigs
Rabbits
Monkeys
90
Fetus triggers the onset of partition by initiating a cascade complex ______/_______ events
Endocrine/biochemical
91
3 stages of parturition
Initiating by myometrial contractions
Expulsion of fetus
Expulsion of fetal membranes
92
Stage 1 of parturition is initiated by the
Fetus
93
Peptide hormone secreted in response to stress
ACTH
94
ACTH stimulates fetal adrenal cortex to produce
Corticoids
95
Elevation of corricoids causes removal of the myometrial _____ _____ enabling contractions to begin and causes elevation of _______ ____ ______, particularly by the cervix
Progesterone block
Reproductive tract secretions
96
Feral cortisol promotes synthesis of 3 enzymes that convert _________ to ______
Progesterone to estradiol
97
Fetal corticoids causes ______ to synthesize
Placenta
98
What helps abolish the progesterone block
PGF2alpha
99
Stage 2 of parturition requires strong ______ and _______ muscle contractions
Myometrial
Abdominal
100
As pressure increases in uterus, fetus rotates so front feet and head are positioned to _______ of dam
Posterior
101
If rotation doesn’t occur, ______ may occur
Dystocia
102
What further facilitates Myometrial contractions
Oxytocin
103
Pressure ________, oxytocin _________, ________ _______ reach peak = fetus enters ______ ______
Increases
Increases
Myometrial contractions
Cervical canal
104
Relaxin is stimulated by
PGF2ALPHA
105
Causes softening of connective tissue in cervix and promote elasticity of pelvic ligaments
Relaxin
106
What initiated secretory activity of the entire reproductive tract
Estradiol
107
As estradiol increases, cervix and vagina produce
Mucus
108
Washed out cervical seal of pregnancy and lubricates cervical canal and vagina
Mucus
109
Reduces friction and enables fetus to exit reproductive tract with relative ease
Mucus
110
Leads to rupture of placental membranes releasing amnionic and allantoic fluid
Pressure
111
Serves to lubricator the birth canal
Amnionic and allantoic fluid
112
As fetus enters birth canal, becomes
Hypoxic
113
Deprived of adequate levels of oxygen
Hypoxic
114
Stage 3 of parturition involved expulsion of the
Fetal membranes
115
Causes of Dystocia
Size of fetus
Improper fetal rotation
Multiple births in monotocous species
116
What term was derived from the false notion that Julius Caesar was born by removing him from his mother through an incision on the abdominal and uterine wall
Caesarean
117
In what species does the female incubate the eggs in her mouth and in some species the male does the same
Teleost fishes
118
In what species are males responsible for gestation
Pipe fishes
Sea horses
119
What offers a special environment for developing offspring and under the control of prolactin
Brood pouch
120
Lampreys use ____ to weigh down eggs and prevents them from floating downstream
Sand
121
Infant kangaroos in their mother’s pouches nurse from ___ nipples, and two babies of different ages commonly nurse at the same time
Two
122
Kangaroos produce two kinds of milk:
The younger kangaroo gets _____ _____ ___
The older kangaroo gets ____ ____
Fully rich milk
Skim milk
123
What is the most prolific mammal in existence
Multimammate rat
124
The mutimammate rate has ___ teats, the most of any female mammal
24
125
What species act as housewives to other females
Egyptian spiny mouse
126
The female african elephant has a gestation period of ___ years
1.8
127
An African elephant calf weighs about ___ pounds at birth and nurses for ___ years
300
3
128
During the 19th century, adultery was so feared that the ______ ____ was invented
Chastity belt
129
During the Middle Ages, _________ was considered to be an honest and essential profession
Prostitution
130
__________ was considered as a means to prevent adultery, homosexual tendencies and masturbation
Prostitution
131
The Mayans believed in a
Maize god
132
The Mayans believed that _____ was symbolic of both the male and female
Corn
133
Convex species
Cow
Giraffe
134
Concave species
Sheep
Goat
