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BISC 260 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do you think of when someone mentions microorganisms?

A

Human Health

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2
Q

How do microorganisms impact human health?

A

Disease can have a negative or positive impact. Probiotics are positive

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3
Q

What did the Human Microbiome Project state?

A

Humans did not evolve on their own

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4
Q

How do bacteria have a dominant role in our lives?

A

We protect them and they protect us

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5
Q

Are microorganisms the most populous and diverse group of organism?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Where are microorganisms found?

A

Everywhere on the planet

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7
Q

How do microorganisms benefit society?

A

Production of food, beverages, antibiotics, and vitamins

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8
Q

What does it mean when microorganisms are termed ubiquitous?

A

they are found everywhere, occupy 50% of the biome

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9
Q

How does reproduction help microorganisms become abundant?

A

It is a simple process and they have simple construction

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10
Q

What type of cells lack a membrane bound nucleus?

A

prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

What type of cells have a membrane bound nucleus?

A

eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

What is included under Cellular Organisms?

A

Fungi
Protists
Bacteria
Archaea

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13
Q

What is included under Acellular Organisms?

A

Viruses
Viroids
Satellites
Prions

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14
Q

What are viruses composed of?

A

Protein and nucleic acid

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15
Q

What are viroids composed of?

A

RNA

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16
Q

What are satellites composed of?

A

Nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell

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17
Q

What are prions composed of?

A

Protein

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18
Q

What are the three domains that are based off of rRNA?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Bacteria (domain)?

A 
Single celled
Cell wall w/ PGC
Lack membrane bound nucleus
Ubiquitous
Produce oxygen
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Archaea (domain)?

A 
Unique rRNA gene sequence
Lack PGC in cell wall
Have unique membrane lipids
Unusual metabolism
Live in extreme environments
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21
Q

What is included under the Eukarya Domain?

A

Fungi
Protists
Animals
Plants

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22
Q

Protists characteristics?

A

larger than bacteria and archaea

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23
Q

Fungi characterists?

A

can be unicellular or multicellular

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24
Q

What is the smallest of all microorganism?

A

Viruses

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25
Q

What do viruses require in order to function?

A

host cell

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26
Q

What are infectious agents composed of RNA?

A

Viroids

Virusoids

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27
Q

What are infectious proteins?

A

Prions

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28
Q

Definition of Life includes?

A 
Cells and organization
Response to change
Growth and development
Evolution
Energy use and metabolism
Homeostasis
Reproduction
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29
Q

How old may life on earth be?

A

3.5 billion years

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30
Q

What is the original molecule of heredity?

A

RNA

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31
Q

What is thought to have bacterial lineage through the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts through rRNA

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32
Q

What does hydrogenosome mean?

A

anaerobic lineage

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33
Q

What are catalytic RNA called?

A

Ribsomes

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34
Q

What is the energy currency for a cell?

A

ATP

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35
Q

How do bacteria and archaea increase their genetic pool?

A

horizontal gene transfer

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36
Q

What is another way of gene evolution?

A

mosaic

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37
Q

Why do Bacteria and Archaea not reproduce sexually?

A

They are strains that consists of pure cultures

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38
Q

What are tools used for studying microorganisms?

A

Microscopes
Culture techniques
Genetics
Genomics

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39
Q

Who was the first person to observe microorganisms correctly?

A

Leeuwenhoek

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40
Q

How did Leeuwenhoek discover them correctly?

A

Looked at pond water while trying to find inconsistency in his textiles

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41
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

living organisms develop from nonliving matter

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42
Q

Who is responsible for the “Swan Neck Flask”?

A

Louis Pasteur

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43
Q

What did the swan neck result in?

A

no growth of microorganisms because he boiled the solution and left it exposed it to air

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44
Q

What was the final blow to spontaneous generation?

A

the demonstration that dust carries microorganisms (Tyndall) and that heath resistant bacteria could produce endospores (Cohn).

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45
Q

What did Joseph Lister do to study the relationship between microorganisms and diseases?

A

cleaned his surgical equipment

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46
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do to study the relationship between microorganisms and diseases?

A

Fermentation

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47
Q

Who was the final person to seal the study between microorganisms and diseases?

A

Robert Koch

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48
Q

What did Koch do?

A

developed the Koch postulate, which is used today, that established a link between microorganisms and a particular disease.

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49
Q

What did Koch’s discovery to to the development of?

A

Agar
Petri dishes
Nutrient broth and agar
Isolation of microorganisms

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50
Q

What two people discovered that incubation for a period of time can kill a disease?

A

Pasteur and Roux

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51
Q

Who developed vaccines?

A

Pasteur

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52
Q

Who created the vaccine for smallpox?

A

Jenner

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53
Q

Who found evidence for antibody based immunity?

A

Behring and Kitasato, through antitoxins

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54
Q

Who discovered phagocytes?

A

Metchnikoff

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55
Q

The root or origin of modern life is on a bacterial branch but nature still controversial

A

xx

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56
Q

What is the largest microorganism?

A

protists and bacteria

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57
Q

What is the range for the sizes in microscopy?

A 
Largest to smallest:
Cm
mm
um
nm
A
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58
Q

How does light pass from one medium to another?

A

it is refracted (bent)

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59
Q

What is the refractive index?

A

Measure of how greatly the velocity of light is slowed down

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60
Q

What is the focus of light rays at a certain point called?

A

Focal point

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61
Q

What is the distance between the lens and the focal point?

A

focal length

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62
Q

What type of lens is stronger?

A

shorter, the shorter the focal length the stronger the magnification

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63
Q

What are the different types of light microscopes?

A 
Bright Field
Dark Field
Phase Contrast
Fluorescence
Confocal
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64
Q

What is the microscope we use?

A

the bright field

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65
Q

What type of image does a bright field produce?

A

Dark image against a bright background

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66
Q

What is total magnification?

A

product of magnifications for the ocular lenses and objective lenses

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67
Q

What is the working distance?

A

distance between front surface of lens and surface of slide.

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68
Q

Describe the Oil Immersion Objective?

A

Oil replaces air allowing for ray that could not enter to now do so to enhance the resolution of the image.

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69
Q

What is the dark field used to study?

A

living, unstained organisms

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70
Q

What type of image does the dark field produce?

A

bright image against a dark background

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71
Q

What does the phase contrast microscope do?

A

converts refractive index differences into variations of light intensity

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72
Q

What does the DIC do?

A

determines differences in refractive index and thickness of the specimen parts

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73
Q

What does the fluorescence microscope do to a specimen?

A

Exposes them to UV, Violet, or blue light

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74
Q

What are the specimens under a fluorescent microscope stained with?

A

fluorochromes

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75
Q

Why is the fluorescent microscope essential to microbiology?

A

it tags specific cell structures by using dyes and fluorochrome probes to identify pathogens. Also localizes specific proteins in cells

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76
Q

What microscope creates a 3D image?

A

Confocal Microscope

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77
Q

What increases visibility of a specimen?

A

Staining

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78
Q

What method preserves internal and external structures and fixes them into position?

A

fixation

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79
Q

What are the two types of fixation?

A

Heat and Chemical

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80
Q

What is heat fixation?

A

used for bacteria and archaea; preserves overall morphology

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81
Q

What is chemical fixation?

A

used with larger organisms; protects fine structures

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82
Q

What do dyes do when used for staining?

A

Make internal and external structures more visible to contrast with the background

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83
Q

What charge do basic dyes have?

A

positive

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84
Q

What charge to acid dyes have?

A

negative

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85
Q

What is a simple stained used for?

A

a single stain to determine shape, size and arrangement of bacteria

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86
Q

What does a differential stain do?

A

divides microorganisms into groups based off of the stains

87
Q

Examples of differential stains?

A

gram stain

acid fast stain

88
Q

What structures are differential stains used to detect?

A

endospores, flagella, and capsules

89
Q

Describe the process of gram staining?

A
  1. Crystal violet (primary stain) for one minute; rinse
  2. Iodine (mordant) for one minute; rinse
  3. Alcohol (decolorizer) for 10-30 seconds; rinse
  4. Safranin (counterstain) for 30-60 seconds; rinse; dry
90
Q

What is a gram positive stain?

A

cell remains purple

91
Q

What is a gram negative stain?

A

cell became colorless then pink/red after the safranin (secondary stain)

92
Q

What genus is acid fast staining used for?

A

Mycobacterium

93
Q

What does the acid fast staining stain?

A

the cell wall high lipid content

94
Q

What structure staining involves double sating technique where the endospore is one color and the vegetative cell is another?

A

Endospore staining

95
Q

Which type of structure stain is used to identify the polysaccharide capsules surrounding bacteria?

A

Capsule staining

96
Q

What is applied to increase the thickness of a flagella when doing the structure stain?

A

mordant

97
Q

What replaces light in the electron microscope?

A

Electrons

98
Q

How do electrons work in the TEM?

A

they would usually scatter, but the TEM holds them in a vacuum to produce a clear image

99
Q

What is a type of metal stain used for studying viruses?

A

negative staining

100
Q

What type of metal staining is useful for viral morphology, flagella, and DNA?

A

shadowing

101
Q

What is another stain that does not use metals?

A

Freeze etching

102
Q

What microscope produces a realistic 3D image?

A

Scanning electron microscope

103
Q

What is a rapid freezing technique to preserve native state of structures?

A

electron crytomography

104
Q

How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes?

A

Lack internal memb. systems, size, and simplicity

105
Q

What shape can bacteria and archaea have?

A

cocci and rods are most common

106
Q

How is the arrangement determined in bacteria and archaea?

A

by plane of division and if they separate or not

107
Q

What are the shape of cocci?

A

Sphere

108
Q

Structure of diplococci?

A

in pairs

109
Q

Structure of steptococci?

A

chains

110
Q

Structure of staphylococci?

A

grape like

111
Q

Structure of tetrads?

A

4 cocci in a square

112
Q

Structure of sarcinae?

A

cube of 8 cocci

113
Q

What shape do bacilli have?

A

rods

114
Q

What shape do vibrios resemble?

A

rod ( , shape)

115
Q

What shape do spirilla have?

A

rigid helices

116
Q

What are spirochetes?

A

flexible helices

117
Q

What does mycelium look like?

A

network of long filaments

118
Q

What is important for nutrient uptake dealing with size and shape?

A

surface to volume ratio

119
Q

What are common features for bacteria?

A

cell envelope
cytopolasm
external structures

120
Q

What does the bacterial cell envelop consist of?

A

Plasma membrane
Cell Wall
Layers outside the cell wall

121
Q

What are plasma membrane functions?

A

encompasses cytoplasm
selective permeable
interacts with the environment

122
Q

How does the plasma membrane interact with external environment?

A

receptors for detection of chemicals
transport systems
metabolic processes

123
Q

Describe the fluid mosaic model structure of the plasma membrane.

A

lipid bilayer with floating proteins (amphipathic lipids, membrane proteins)

124
Q

What are the amphipathic lipids of the fluid mosaic model?

A

polar (hydrophilic) and non polar (hydrophobic) tails

125
Q

What are the membrane proteins of the fluid mosaic model?

A

peripheral (loosely connected)

integral (amphipathic embedded within the membrane)

126
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

127
Q

What do saturation levels of membrane lipids reflect?

A

environmental conditions

128
Q

How do sterols help membranes?

A

stabilize membranes

129
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe

130
Q

Which of the macronutrients are found in organic molecules?

A

C, O, H, N, S, P

131
Q

Which of the macronutrients are cation?

A

K, Ca, Mg, and Fe

132
Q

What do cations do primarily?

A

assist enzymes and biosynthesis

133
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A

Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu

134
Q

How are micronutrients supplied?

A

through water and media components

135
Q

Micronutrients do not assist enzymes?

A

False they are cofactors

136
Q

What classes help growth factors?

A

amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins

137
Q

What are amino acids needed for?

A

protein synthesis

138
Q

What are purines and pyrimidines needed for?

A

nucleic acid synthesis

139
Q

What are vitamins need for?

A

enzyme cofactors

140
Q

What are the methods for nutrient uptake?

A

passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
group translocation

141
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

molecules move from HIGHER to LOWER concentration; energy dependent

142
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from HIGHER to LOWER concentration; not energy dependent

143
Q

What impacts the rate of uptake in facilitated diffusion?

A

size of gradient; smaller is most significant

144
Q

What is active transport dependent on?

A

ATP or proton force

145
Q

What are permeases?

A

carrier proteins

146
Q

How does active transport move molecules?

A

against the gradient

147
Q

What are the primary transporters in active transport?

A

ABC Transporters

148
Q

What do ABC Transporters consist of?

A

a hydrophobic membrane, ATP binding sites, and substrate bindings

149
Q

What do secondary active transport systems use?

A

ion gradients

150
Q

Two substances both move in the same direction

A

symport

151
Q

Two substance move in opposite directions

A

antiport

152
Q

What system chemically modifies molecules as they are brought into the cell?

A

Group translocation

153
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall mad up of?

A

peptidoglycan

154
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

rigid structure lying outside the plasma membrane

155
Q

What are the function of the cell wall?

A

maintain shape
protect
contribute to pathogenicity

156
Q

What are the results of the gram stain on the peptidoglycan layer?

A

Positive; thick

Negative; thin

157
Q

What are the alternating amino acids in the peptidoglycan layer?

A

D and L

158
Q

How are peptidoglycan strands shaped?

A

cross linked by peptides

159
Q

What are type of amino acids are found in proteins?

A

L amino acids

160
Q

Why are there D amino acids in the bacterial cell wall?

A

to help against degradation

161
Q

What acid helps maintain the cell envelope, protect, and help bind to host cells?

A

teichoic

162
Q

Where is the periplasmic space of a G+ bacteria?

A

between the cell wall and the plasma membrane

163
Q

What do the exoenzymes in the periplasmic space help in?

A

degradation of large nutrients

164
Q

What is the structure of a G- bacteria?

A

outer membrane
thin peptidoglycan layer
plasma membrane

165
Q

What lipoproteins connect the OM to the peptidoglycan in G- cell walls?

A

Braun’s lipoproteins

166
Q

What are the three parts to the lipopolysaccharide?

A

lipid A
core polysaccharide
O side chain

167
Q

What is the importance of LPS?

A

(-) on cell surface
stabilize OM
attach to surfaces

168
Q

What does lipid A do for the LPS?

A

acts as an endotoxin

169
Q

What does O do for the LPS?

A

hosts defense

170
Q

What allows G- to be more permeable than G+?

A

porin and transporter proteins

171
Q

What do G+ cells do when CV hits it?

A

pores shrink trapping the CV

172
Q

What do G- do when CV hits?

A

nothing

173
Q

How does osmotic protection help in hypotonic environments?

A

prevents cell wall fro lysis

174
Q

How does osmotic protection help in hypertonic environments?

A

doesn’t; lysis occurs

175
Q

What cells can survive in isotonic environments without a cell wall?

A

protoplasts
spheroplasts
mycoplasma

176
Q

Glycocalyx is …?

A

outermost layer in cell envelope

177
Q

What do glycocalyx do?

A

aid in attachment

178
Q

What do the components outside the cell wall do?

A

protect from phagocytosis and desiccation

179
Q

What does the S layer function in?

A

protection
maintaining of shape
promotes adhesion

180
Q

What are the structures in the cytoplasm?

A 
Cytoskeleton
Intracytoplasmic membranes
Inclusion
Ribosomes
Nucleoid and Plasmids
181
Q

What is the protoplast?

A

plasma membrane and everything within

182
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

material bounded by the plasmid membrane

183
Q

FtsZ cytoskeleton look like?

A

rings

184
Q

MreB cytoskeleton look like?

A

rods

185
Q

CreS cytoskeleton look like?

A

curve shape (rare)

186
Q

What are plasma membrane infoldings?

A

intracytoplasmic membranes

187
Q

What are inclusions?

A

granules of organic or inorgranic material that are stored for future use

188
Q

What do inclusions store?

A

glycogen, carbon, phosphate, and amino acids

189
Q

Are micro compartments bound by membranes?

A

no

190
Q

What do gas vacuoles do and where are they found?

A

provide buoyancy in gas vesicles and found in aquatic bacteria and archaea

191
Q

What is the sire for protein synthesis?

A

ribosome

192
Q

70S is in what?

A

bacteria and archaea ribosomes

193
Q

80S is in what?

A

eukaryotic ribosomes

194
Q

The nucleoid is what for the bacteria?

A

one enclosed circular double stranded DNA molecule

195
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

closed circular DNA molecule found in bacteria, archaea, and some fungi

196
Q

How do plasmids replicate?

A

independently

197
Q

What are external structures of the cell?

A

pili and flagella and fimbriae

198
Q

What are short hairlike, protein appendages?

A

fimbriae

199
Q

What are longer, thick, hair like structures?

A

Sex pili

200
Q

What is flagella?

A

locomotive appendages, help attach to surfaces

201
Q

Monotrichous flagella?

A

one flagellum

202
Q

Polar flagellum?

A

flagellum at the end of cell

203
Q

Amphitrichous flagella?

A

one flagellum at each end of cell

204
Q

Lophotrichous flagella?

A

cluster of flagella at both ends

205
Q

Peritrichous flagella?

A

spread over all surface

206
Q

What powers a bacterial flagella?

A

basal body of rings

207
Q

What secretion system is used for flagellar synthesis?

A

Type III

208
Q

What are the different types of motility?

A 
flagellar
swarming
spirochete
twtich
glide
209
Q

how do bacterial flagellar move?

A

propeller movement

210
Q

What are the two parts to the flagella motor?

A

Rotor and Stator

211
Q

What are chemotaxis?

A

movement towards a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellent

212
Q

What is the endospore?

A

dormant structure formed by some bacteria that also protects from environmental conditions

213
Q

What type of coat does the endospore have?

A

protein

214
Q

What is in the core of the endospore?

A

nucleoid and ribsomes

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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