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BISC 260 > Chapter 33 > Flashcards

Chapter 33 Flashcards

1
Q

(T/F) The innate response resists a particular foreign agent; moreover, innate immune responses improve on repeated exposure to the agent.

A

False

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2
Q

Blood cell development occurs in the bone marrow of mammals during the process of….

A

a. hemolysis.
B.hematopoesis.
c.hemostasis.


d. none of these.

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3
Q

Substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses are called….

A

a.antibodies.

B.antigens.

c.infective agents.

d.inducers.

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4
Q

Which of the following is a physical barrier in the nonspecific defense of a mammalian host?….

A

a. inflammation 

b. phagocytosis 

c. fever

D. mucous membranes

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5
Q

The lungs are protected from microorganisms by….

A

a. the mucociliary blanket.
b. lysozyme in mucus. 

c. phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages. 

D. all of the choices

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6
Q

Tears protect the eyes by…

A 
A.flushing and lysozyme.

b.inflammation.

c.vasodilation.

d.stimulating opsonization.

e.flushing and lysozyme and vasodilation
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7
Q

Under normal circumstances, which of the following is(are) normally sterile environments in mammals? ….

A

a. kidneys 

b. ureters 

c. urinary bladder

D. all of these

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8
Q

Which of the following is used to help protect the lungs from infection? …

A

a. Turbulent airflow deposits airborne pathogens on sticky mucosal surfaces. 

b. The mucociliary escalator moves trapped organisms away from the lungs by ciliary action.

c. Coughing and sneezing forcefully expel organisms away from the lungs.

D. all of the choices

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9
Q

Lysozyme is an enzyme that lyses…

A

a. viruses. 

b. fungi. 

C. bacteria. 

d. parasites.

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10
Q

(T/F) The skin surface (epidermis) is a very favorable environment for colonization by microorganisms.

A

False

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11
Q

(T/F) The lower genitourinary tract is usually free of microorganisms.

A

False

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12
Q

(T/F) Lactobacillus contributes to the antimicrobial defenses for the adult female reproductive tract by making lactic acid to lower the pH

A

True

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13
Q

(T/F) Cervical mucus has antibacterial activity.

A

True

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14
Q

(T/F) The shorter urethra in females is one reason why urinary tract infections are more common in females than in males.

A

True

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15
Q

(T/F) The mucociliary blanket is found in the digestive system of mammals.

A

False

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16
Q

____________ are a group of cytokines produced by some eukaryotic cells in response to a viral infection.

A

Interferons

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17
Q

_____________ is a process by which microorganisms or other particles are coated by serum components, preparing them for recognition and ingestion by phagocytic cells.

A

Opsonization

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18
Q

(T/F) Lectin binds to certain carbohydrates to begin the activation of the classical complement pathway.

A

False

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19
Q

(T/F) The bacteriocins produced by Escherichia coli are called colicins.

A

True

20
Q

(T/F) Body temperature is a physiological barrier against certain microorganisms.

A

True

21
Q

(T/F) The alternative complement pathway plays an important role in innate immunity, but it is not an effective defense against intravascular invasion by bacteria and some fungi.

A

False

22
Q

(T/F) Human fevers are commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections, and in almost every instance fever results from an exogenous pyrogen produced by the microorganism or virus.

A

False

23
Q

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) include….

A

a. lipopolysaccharide. 

b. peptidoglycan.

c. phospholipids of the cytoplasmic membrane. 

D. two of the choices 

e. all of the choices

24
Q

A fever augments the host’s defenses by…

A

a.stimulating leukocytes into action.

b.enhancing microbiostasis.

c.enhancing the activity of the immune system.

D.all of these

25
Q

Which of the following is considered to be a biological defense mechanism?…

A

a. skin 

b. fever 

c. gastric acid 

D. normal microbiota

26
Q

Which of the following pathways for complement activation is generally dependent upon the formation of antigen-antibody complexes?…

A

A.The classical pathway.
b.The alternative pathway.


c. The lectin complement pathway.

d. All of the choices.

27
Q

Complement mediated lysis is achieved by…

A

a.entry of lysozyme into gram-positive bacteria.

B.entry of lysozyme into gram-negative bacteria.

c.entry of lysozyme into gram-positive bacteria and entry of lysozyme into gram-negative bacteria.
d.none of the choices

28
Q

Which of the following is not a way in which fever augments the host’s defenses?….

A

A.Inhibition of the parasite’s growth by raising the temperature above the optimum growth temperature.


b. Inhibition of growth by decreasing the availability of iron to the organism.

c. Stimulation of leukocytes into action so that they can kill the organism.

d. Enhances the activity of the immune system.

29
Q

Complement….

A

a.augments opsonization of bacteria by antibodies.
b.results in lysis of Gram-negative bacteria.

c.results in lysis of Gram-positive bacteria.

D.both augments opsonization of bacteria by antibodies and results in lysis of Gram-negative bacteria

e.all of the choices

30
Q

Cytokines…

A

a.cause lysis of invading microorganisms.

b.play key roles in both specific and non-specific immunity.

c.are required for regulation of the immune response.

D.play key roles in both specific and non-specific immunity and are required for regulation of the immune response.

31
Q

The alternate complement pathway plays an important role in….

A

A.innate immunity.

b.aquired immunity.

c.specific immunity.

d.innate immunity and specific immunity.

32
Q

Which of the following is (are) way(s) that the complement system aids in the defensive responses of an organism?
…

A

a.Lysis of antibody coated gram-negative bacteria.
b.Attract phagocytic cells.

c.Activation of phagocytic cells.

D.All of these are ways that the complement system aids in the defensive responses of an organism.

33
Q

Macrophage
…

A

a.are derived from monocytes.

b.have receptors for compounds released by the immune system that coat microorganisms and enhance phagocytosis.
c.spread throughout the body of animals and take up residence in specific tissues.

D.all of the choices

34
Q

Dendritic cells
…

A

a.play an important role in the development of allergies and hypersensitivity.

b.contain granules with histamine and other pharmacologically active substances that contribute to the inflammatory response.

C.are capable of recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play an important role in non-specific resistance.

d.are mainly important in the defense against protozoan and helminth parasites.

35
Q

Which of the following releases histamine? …

A

a. mast cells 

b. basophils

c. plasma cells

D. mast cells and basophils 

e. none of the choices

36
Q

Lymphocytes are comprised of which of the following cell types?….

A 
a. T cells 

b. B cells 

c. natural killer cells 

D. all of the choices 

e. T cells and B cells only
37
Q

Macrophages are derived from….

A

a. granulocytes. 

b. basophils. 

c. neutrophils.

D. monocytes

38
Q

Macrophages have surface receptors for all of the following except….

A 
a. mannose and fucose. 

b. zymosan.
c. antibodies. 

d. peptidoglycan. 

E. macrophages have receptors forall of the choices.
39
Q

Eosinophils defend against protist and helminth parasites by….

A

a. phagocytosis. 

b. complement activation. 

c. antibody production. 

D. releasing cationic proteins and reactive oxygen metabolites.

40
Q

Which of the following remain in the blood circulation rather than taking up residence in other tissues?…

A

a.monocytes

b.macrophages

C.neutrophils

d.all of the choices

41
Q

Which of the following cell types migrates to the lymphoid tissue after encountering pathogens in the skin or the mucous membranes?
….

A

a.mast cells.

B.dendritic cells.

c.macrophages.

d.none of the choices.

42
Q

A mature activated B cell is called a(n) …

A

A. plasma cell.

b. dendritic cell. 

c. natural killer cell. 

d. spleen cell.

43
Q

Natural killer cells specifically kill which of the following?….

A

A.Tumor cells and cells infected by microorganisms.

b.Gram positive bacteria.

c.Fungi and protozoa.

d.Foreign transplanted tissue.

44
Q

(T/F) The average adult has approximately 100,000 leukocytes per mm3of blood. 


A

False

45
Q

(T/F) T cells undergo maturation in the bone marrow.

A

False

46
Q

(T/F) Lymphoid tissues are always highly organized cellular complexes.

A

False

47
Q

(T/F) The lymph nodes lie at the junctions of lymphatic vessels where they filter out microbes and antigens from the lymph.


A

True

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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