Chapter 9 (Pt. 1) Flashcards
Chemical agents are used to do what?
treat disease, destroy pathogens, and inhibit growth
Ehlrich developed what?
concept for selective toxicity
Hato and Ehlrich discovered what?
arsenic compounds that treated syphillis
Domagk and others discovered what?
sulfa drugs
What first discovered penicillin and who got credit?
Duchesne, Fleming
Who discovered a antibiotic to TB?
Waksman
Ability of a drug to kill or inhibit a pathogen while not damaging the host?
Selective toxicity
Drug level required for clinical treatment?
therapeutic dose
Drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient?
Toxic dose
Ration of toxic dose to therapeutic dose?
therapeutic index
Undesirable effects of drug on host cells?
side effects
Attack only a few different pathogens?
narrow spectrum drugs
Attack many different pathogens?
broad spectrum
What kills microbes?
cidal agent
What inhibits the growth of microbes?
Static agent
What are the two ways effectiveness is expressed?
- Minimal Inhibitory [ ]
2. Minimal Lethal [ ]
Lowest concentration of a drug to inhibit growth?
Minimal Inhibitory [ ]
Lowest concentration of drug to kill pathogen?
Minimal lethal [ ]
What tests are used to determine antimicrobial activity?
Dilution test
Disk diffusion
E-test
What antimicrobial test involves inoculating media containing different concentration of drugs?
Dilution test
What antimicrobial test involves disks impregnated drugs placed on agar plates?
Disk diffusion test
What do you observe in disk diffusion tests?
zones of inhibition
What is the standardized method for disk diffusion test?
Kirby Bauer Method
What antimicrobial test is like the disk diffusion test but it uses strips instead?
the E-test
What are the main actions for antimicrobial drugs?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Inhibits protein synthesis
Metabolic antagonists
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition
What drugs are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?
Pencillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
What are protein synthesis inhibitors?
Aminoglycoside Tetracyclines Macrolides Lincosamines Chloramphenicol
What drugs are metabolic antagonists?
Sulfa Drugs
Trimethoprim
What drug is nucleic acid inhibitors?
Quinolones
What actions to penicillin do?
block transpeptidation
prevents cell wall synthesis
acts only on growing bacteria
What is an alternate to penicillin if people are allergic?
cephalosporins
What are the four categories for cephalosporins?
Cepahlothin
Cefoxitin
Cefaoperazone
Cefriaxome
What does vancomycin used for?
treat resistant stuffy and enterococcal
What size ribosomes can the inhibitors bind to?
30S
50S
Steps of protein synthesis that can be inhibited?
tRNA binding
peptide bonds
mRNA reading
translocation
What antibiotic binds to 30S ribosome?
aminoglycoside
What are tetracyclines sometimes treated for?
acne
What are macrolides used for if a patient is allergic?
penicillin
What drug binds to 23 rRNA and 50S ribosomes?
Chloramphenicol
When is chloramphenicol used?
in life threatening situations
What drug can be combined with sulfa drugs to increase treatment?
trimethoprim
Nucleic acid inhibitors can block what?
DNA replication and transcription
