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BISC 260 > Chapter 9 (Pt. 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Pt. 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical agents are used to do what?

A

treat disease, destroy pathogens, and inhibit growth

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2
Q

Ehlrich developed what?

A

concept for selective toxicity

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3
Q

Hato and Ehlrich discovered what?

A

arsenic compounds that treated syphillis

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4
Q

Domagk and others discovered what?

A

sulfa drugs

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5
Q

What first discovered penicillin and who got credit?

A

Duchesne, Fleming

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6
Q

Who discovered a antibiotic to TB?

A

Waksman

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7
Q

Ability of a drug to kill or inhibit a pathogen while not damaging the host?

A

Selective toxicity

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8
Q

Drug level required for clinical treatment?

A

therapeutic dose

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9
Q

Drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient?

A

Toxic dose

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10
Q

Ration of toxic dose to therapeutic dose?

A

therapeutic index

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11
Q

Undesirable effects of drug on host cells?

A

side effects

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12
Q

Attack only a few different pathogens?

A

narrow spectrum drugs

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13
Q

Attack many different pathogens?

A

broad spectrum

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14
Q

What kills microbes?

A

cidal agent

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15
Q

What inhibits the growth of microbes?

A

Static agent

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16
Q

What are the two ways effectiveness is expressed?

A
  1. Minimal Inhibitory [ ]

2. Minimal Lethal [ ]

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17
Q

Lowest concentration of a drug to inhibit growth?

A

Minimal Inhibitory [ ]

18
Q

Lowest concentration of drug to kill pathogen?

A

Minimal lethal [ ]

19
Q

What tests are used to determine antimicrobial activity?

A

Dilution test
Disk diffusion
E-test

20
Q

What antimicrobial test involves inoculating media containing different concentration of drugs?

A

Dilution test

21
Q

What antimicrobial test involves disks impregnated drugs placed on agar plates?

A

Disk diffusion test

22
Q

What do you observe in disk diffusion tests?

A

zones of inhibition

23
Q

What is the standardized method for disk diffusion test?

A

Kirby Bauer Method

24
Q

What antimicrobial test is like the disk diffusion test but it uses strips instead?

A

the E-test

25
Q

What are the main actions for antimicrobial drugs?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Inhibits protein synthesis
Metabolic antagonists
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition

26
Q

What drugs are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?

A

Pencillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin

27
Q

What are protein synthesis inhibitors?

A 
Aminoglycoside
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Lincosamines
Chloramphenicol
28
Q

What drugs are metabolic antagonists?

A

Sulfa Drugs

Trimethoprim

29
Q

What drug is nucleic acid inhibitors?

A

Quinolones

30
Q

What actions to penicillin do?

A

block transpeptidation
prevents cell wall synthesis
acts only on growing bacteria

31
Q

What is an alternate to penicillin if people are allergic?

A

cephalosporins

32
Q

What are the four categories for cephalosporins?

A

Cepahlothin
Cefoxitin
Cefaoperazone
Cefriaxome

33
Q

What does vancomycin used for?

A

treat resistant stuffy and enterococcal

34
Q

What size ribosomes can the inhibitors bind to?

A

30S

50S

35
Q

Steps of protein synthesis that can be inhibited?

A

tRNA binding
peptide bonds
mRNA reading
translocation

36
Q

What antibiotic binds to 30S ribosome?

A

aminoglycoside

37
Q

What are tetracyclines sometimes treated for?

A

acne

38
Q

What are macrolides used for if a patient is allergic?

A

penicillin

39
Q

What drug binds to 23 rRNA and 50S ribosomes?

A

Chloramphenicol

40
Q

When is chloramphenicol used?

A

in life threatening situations

41
Q

What drug can be combined with sulfa drugs to increase treatment?

A

trimethoprim

42
Q

Nucleic acid inhibitors can block what?

A

DNA replication and transcription

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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