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BISC 260 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the total of all chemical reactions in the cell and is divided into catabolism and anabolism

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

fuels reactions
energy conserving reaction
provide source of energy
generate precursors for biosynthesis

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

the synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones; requires energy

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4
Q

Where are microbes represented in metabolism?

A

all five stages

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5
Q

What type of work is the synthesis of complex molecules?

A

chemical work

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6
Q

What type of work is the take up of nutrients, eliminates wast, and maintains ion balances?

A

transport work

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7
Q

What type of work moves the cell and the structures within?

A

mechanical work

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8
Q

What is a science that analyzes energy change in a system?

A

thermodynamics

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9
Q

First law of thermodynamics?

A

energy cannot be created nor destroyed

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10
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

chemical and physical processes proceed in a way of disorder?

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11
Q

What is entropy?

A

amount of disorder in a system

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12
Q

What is a calorie?

A

amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water a degree

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13
Q

What is a Joule?

A

unit of work; 1 cal equals 4.1840 J

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14
Q

What is free energy?

A

the change in energy that can occur in chemical reactions

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15
Q

What is positive delta G

A

non spontaneous reaction

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16
Q

What is negative delta G

A

spontaneous reaction

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17
Q

What is delta G?

A

free energy change

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18
Q

What is delta H?

A

change in enthalpy (HEAT)

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19
Q

What is delta S?

A

change in entropy

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20
Q

What is the equation for equilibrium?

A

A + B ⇌ C + D

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21
Q

When is equilibrium reached?

A

when forward rate is equal to reverse rate

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22
Q

What influences free energy change?

A

concentration, pressure, temp, and pH

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23
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A

negative delta G

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24
Q

What are endergonic reactions?

A

positive delta G

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25
Q

What is the energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

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26
Q

How is the breakdown of ATP favored?

A

exergonic breakdown of ATP to endergonic reactions

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27
Q

What are some other energy sources?

A

GTP, CTP, and UTP

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28
Q

What does ATP have a high transfer rate of?

A

Phosphate

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29
Q

Oxidation Reduction Reactions do what with electrons?

A

are donated to an acceptor

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30
Q

What does donating an electron do?

A

release of energy which can be stored as ATP

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31
Q

What does it mean if a molecule has a lot of electrons?

A

it is more energy rich

32
Q

What is a Redox: two half reaction?

A

One electron is donating (oxidizing reaction) and one electron is accepting (reducing reaction)

33
Q

How are the acceptor and donor paired in a redox two half reaction?

A

Conjugate redox pair

34
Q

What is the equilibrium constant for an oxidation reduction reaction?

A

standard redox potential

35
Q

What is a better electron donor?

A

more negative

36
Q

What is a better electron acceptor?

A

more positive

37
Q

What does it mean if the difference between the charge of the donor and the charge of the acceptor is greater?

A

the more negative the delta G is

38
Q

What is the organization of electron carriers?

A

Electron Transport Chain

39
Q

In the ETC, the first electron carrie is the most what?

A

negative

40
Q

The potential energy in the first redox couple is released and used to form what?

A

ATP

41
Q

The first carrier is reduced and what happens next?

A

the carrier moves up and so on

42
Q

Where are electron carriers located in bacteria and archaea?

A

in the plasma membrane

43
Q

Where are the electrons located in eukaryotic cells?

A

in the internal mitochondrial membrane

44
Q

What are examples of electron carriers?

A

NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN, CoQ, Cytochromes, Nonheme iron sulfer proteins

45
Q

What do cytochromes use to transfer electrons?

A

iron, and iron is apart of the heme group

46
Q

What do nonheme iron-sulfur proteins use to transfer electrons?

A

iron, and iron is NOT apart of the heme group

47
Q

What from biochemical pathways?

A

enzymes

48
Q

How are pathways connected?

A

through networks

49
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

carry out reactions at physiological conditions

50
Q

How do enzymes help reactions?

A

that speed up the rate at which they reach equilibrium

51
Q

What are substrates?

A

reacting molecules

52
Q

What are products?

A

substances formed by reactions

53
Q

How are some enzymes composed?

A

one or more polypeptides or the same but no nonprotein components

54
Q

What is the protein component of the enzyme?

A

apoenzyme

55
Q

What is the nonprotein component of the enzyme?

A

cofactor

56
Q

How are coenzymes attached?

A

loosely

57
Q

What is a holoenzyme?

A

apoenzyme and a cofactor

58
Q

What do enzymes do to the activation rate?

A

lower it

59
Q

How do enzymes lower activation rate?

A

increase concentration of substrate, the transition state complex, and the fit model for the interaction

60
Q

What environmental factors impact enzyme activity?

A

substrate concentration
pH
temperature

61
Q

As rate of reaction increases what also increases?

A

substrate concentration

62
Q

Where are enzymes most optimal?

A

at specific pH and temp

63
Q

What is denaturation?

A

loss of enzyme structure and activity

64
Q

What inhibitor directly competes with the binding of substrate?

A

competitive inhibitor

65
Q

What inhibitor binds changes the enzyme’s shape so it becomes less active?

A

noncompetitive inhibitor

66
Q

What three mechanisms regulate metabolism?

A

Metabolic channeling
Enzyme synthesis
Direct stimulation or inhibition

67
Q

What is the differential localization of enzymes and metabolites?

A

Metabolic Channeling

68
Q

What is compartmentation?

A

distribution of enzymes among separate cell structures or organelles

69
Q

What is an allosteric regulation?

A

changes shape of enzyme and alters activity of catalytic site.

70
Q

What type of effector increases enzyme activity?

A

postive effector

71
Q

What type of effector inhibits enzyme?

A

negative effector

72
Q

How do covalent modifications effect enzymes?

A

add or remove chemical group?

73
Q

What is the advantage to adding or removing the chemical group?

A

responds to more stimuli

adds second level of control

74
Q

What enzyme is involved with feedback inhibition?

A

pacemaker enzyme

75
Q

What does the pacemaker enzyme do?

A

catalyzes the slowest reaction in the pathway

76
Q

What are isoenzymes?

A

enzymes that catalyze the same reaction

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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