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BISC 260 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is all DNA present in a cell or virus?

A

Genome

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2
Q

Set of specific genes an organisms possesses

A

Genotype

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3
Q

Collection of observable characteristics

A

Phenotype

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4
Q

Who proposed the transformation principle?

A

Griffith

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5
Q

Who showed that the transformation principle was DNA

A

MacLeod and McCarty

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6
Q

Who showed that DNA is genetic material?

A

Hershey and Chase

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7
Q

What links polymers of nucleotides together?

A

phophodiester bonds

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8
Q

How do DNA and RNA differ?

A

nitrogenous bases
sugars
single or double stranded

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9
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

polymer of nucleotides

sugar phosphate backbone

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10
Q

What are the bases for DNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

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11
Q

What is the sugar for DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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12
Q

What is the structure of the phosphate backbone?

A

3’ to 5’ with covalent bonds between them

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13
Q

What pairs with Adenine?

A

Thymine; 2 hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

What pairs with Guanine?

A

Cytosine; 3 hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

What are the nucleotides for RNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

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16
Q

Are RNA single or double stranded?

A

Single

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17
Q

What are the three different functions of RNA?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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18
Q

What is the protein structure?

A

polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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19
Q

What is C-terminal?

A

Carboxy group

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20
Q

What is N-Terminal?

A

amino group

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21
Q

How can amino acids be organized?

A

polar, non polar, or charged

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22
Q

2 strands separate, serving as a template for a complementary strand.

A

DNA Replication

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23
Q

What does it mean that DNA Replication is semi-conservative?

A

each daughter cell obtains one old and one new strand

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24
Q

Where is DNA unwound?

A

at the replication fork

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25
Q

Origin and is replicated as a unit?

A

Replicon

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26
Q

What protein synthesizes RNA primer?

A

DNA primase

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27
Q

What protein relieves supercoiling of DNA?

A

DNA gyrase

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28
Q

What protein removes RNA primers?

A

DNA polymerase 1

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29
Q

Which way is DNA synthesized?

A

5’ to 3’

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30
Q

What do polymerases require?

A

template
primer
dNTPs

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31
Q

What does the template do for polymerases?

A

directs synthesis of complementary strand

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32
Q

What is the primer for polymerase?

A

DNA or RNA strand

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33
Q

How many polymerases does E.coli have?

A

5

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34
Q

What is a complex of 10 proteins and 3 proteins for a core enzyme?

A

DNA polymerase holoenzyme

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35
Q

How many enzymes are in each polymerase and what do they do?

A

2; catalyze DNA synthesis and proofread

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36
Q

What protein keeps strands apart for replication to occur?

A

Single stranded binding proteins

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37
Q

What protein breaks one strand of DNA?

A

Topoisomerase

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38
Q

What happens at the replication fork?

A
  • DNA is synthesized in the 5’-3’
  • Okazaki fragments are formed
  • A new primer is needed for each okazaki fragment
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39
Q

What protein bends strands in E.coli DNA?

A

DnaA

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40
Q

What protein separates strands in E.coli DNA?

A

DnaB

41
Q

In E.coli, what removes RNA primers and fills it with DNA?

A

DNA polymerase I

42
Q

What links a growing 3’ strand and a Okazaki 5’ fragment?

A

DNA ligase

43
Q

What polymerase proofreads?

A

III

44
Q

What removes the mismated base during proofreading?

A

exonuclease

45
Q

When does replication stop in E.coli?

A

when the replisome reaches the termination site

46
Q

What protein forms when two circular chromosomes do not separate?

A

Catenanes

47
Q

What separates the catenanes?

A

topoisomerases

48
Q

What is a problem with “end” replication?

A

it can be too short

49
Q

How is short chromosomes solved in eukaryotes?

A

telomerase

50
Q

How is short chromosomes solved in bacteria?

A

it disguises them

51
Q

What is the basic unit of genetic information?

A

gene

52
Q

What is a gene also defined as?

A

nucleic acid sequence

53
Q

What is the structure of a gene?

A

linear sequence of nucleotides

54
Q

Where are codons found?

A

mRNA

55
Q

How is DNA read?

A

3’ - 5’

56
Q

What is the coding strand?

A

complementary strand

57
Q

What starts protein coding?

A

Promoter

58
Q

What ends a coding region?

A

stop codon

59
Q

DNA that codes for tRNA and rRNA are considered what?

A

genes

60
Q

What is transcription?

A

RNA synthesis under the direction of DNA

61
Q

What RNA carries the message for protein synthesis?

A

mRNA

62
Q

What RNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis?

A

tRNA

63
Q

What RNA carries components from the ribosome during protein synthesis?

A

rRNA

64
Q

What type of mRNA is found in bacteria and archaea?

A

polycistronic mRNA

65
Q

What initiates transcription?

A

a promoter

66
Q

After the promoter binds in transcription, what happens?

A

RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA

67
Q

What happens in transcription elongation?

A

a bubble is produced that holds a temporary RNA:DNA hybrid

68
Q

When does transcription terminate?

A

when the core RNA polymerase dissociates from the template DNA

69
Q

How long is a codon?

A

three base pairs

70
Q

What does a codon do?

A

specifies amino acids

71
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

72
Q

How many sense codons are there?

A

61

73
Q

Termination signals for codons?

A

Stop codons

74
Q

How many different codons can code for a single amino acid?

A

Up to six

75
Q

What does a wobble do?

A

eliminate the needs for unique tRNA for each codon

76
Q

Where is the site of translation?

A

ribosome

77
Q

What is a complex of mRNA with several ribosomes?

A

polyribosome

78
Q

What is the shape of tRNA?

A

tertiary

79
Q

What end of tRNA binds to amino acids?

A

3’

80
Q

What activates a amino acid?

A

attachment to a tRNA

81
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

82
Q

What is the role of rRNA in translation?

A

contributes to the structure of the ribosome

83
Q

What does the 16S RNA bind to?

A

mRNA for protein synthesis

84
Q

What does the 23S RNA bind to?

A

ribozyme catalyzes peptide formation

85
Q

What initiates protein synthesis?

A

ribosome subunit and numerous molecules

86
Q

What is the elongation cycle?

A

addition of amino acids to growing polypeptide

87
Q

What are the three phases of the elongation cycle?

A

amioacyl-tRNA
transpeptidation
translocation

88
Q

What bind the tRNA to growing polypeptide?

A

peptidyl site

89
Q

What binds incoming aminoacyl-tRNA

A

aminoacyl site

90
Q

What binds empty tRNA before it leaves the ribosome?

A

Exit site

91
Q

What catalyzes transpeptidation reactions?

A

peptidyl tranferase

92
Q

What happen in translocation?

A

peptidyl tRNA moves from A to P site, ribosome moves down, tRNA leaves P site

93
Q

What codons can stop protein synthesis?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

94
Q

During protein splicing what is the removed portion?

A

inteins

95
Q

During protein splicing what is the portion that remains in the protein?

A

exteins

96
Q

How does protein mature?

A

folding and association with other proteins

97
Q

Where are proteins secreted?

A

subcellular or extracellular site

98
Q

What do molecular chaperones do?

A

aid in folding
protect from thermal damage
aid in transport

99
Q

What is protein translocation ?

A

movement of proteins from cytoplasm to p.m or periplasmic space?

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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