Chapter 11 Flashcards
What does a heterotroph use for its carbon source?
organic molecules
What does a autotroph use for its carbon source
carbon dioxide
What do phototrophs use as an energy source?
light
What do chemotrophs use as its energy source?
oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds
Lithographs use what for electron sources?
reduced organic molecules
Organotrophs use what for electron sources?
organic molecules
What are photolithoautotrophs also known as?
photoautotrophs
What are chemoorganoheterotrophs also known as?
chemoheterotrophs
What nutritional types have an ecological importance?
photoorganoheterotrophs
chemolithoautotrophs
chemolithotrophs
What do organism use to fuel reactions?
ATP as energy currency
Reduce power to supply e
Precursor metabolites for biosynthesis
What processes do chemoheterotrophs use?
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
fermentation
In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is what?
Oxygen
In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is ?
Different: NO3, SO4, CO2, FE, or SEO4
In fermentation, chemoorganic fueling processes use what to oxidize organic energy sources?
endogenous electron acceptor
Are many different energy sources funneled into common degradative pathways?
Yes
Catabolic pathways uses what as for the substrate for the next reaction?
product
Amphibolic pathways function as what kind of pathways?
catabolic and anabolic
What are some important amphibolic pathways?
TCA
Aerobic respiration involves what pathways?
Glycolysis
TCA
ETC
What does Aerobic respiration produce?
ATP and high energy electron carriers
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate uses what pathway?
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
Where does the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway take place?
cytoplasmic matrix of m.o, plants, and animals
What are the two phases of the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?
Six Carbon Phase
Three Carbon Phase
What is produced during the 6 Carbon Phase?
glucose
2ADP
2 Phosphates
2 NAD
What is produced during the 3 Carbon Phase?
2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Hydrogen
During the oxidation step of the E.M Pathway, the oxidation step does what?
generates NADH to synthesize ATP
In the TCA cycle, for every acetyl-CoA oxidized what is generated?
2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
How many ATP are synthesized directly from oxidation of glucose to CO2?
4
Where are most ATP made?
in the ETC
What does the ETC do with electrons?
moves them from NADH to FADH2, then to a terminal accepter O2
In the ETC, the carriers are used how?
reduced then reoxidized
The ETC creates what kind of force?
Proton Motive Force
Where are the bacterial and archaeal ETC located?
plasma membrane
Process by which ATP is synthesized as the result of electron transport driven by oxidation of chemical energy sources?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What hypothesis explains oxidative phosphorylation?
Chemiosomotic Hypothesis
What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
protons move out of mitochondria as electrons move down the chain; the protons moving out makes a PMF
PMF drives the synthesis of what?
ATP
How many ATP are created during aerobic respiration?
38 is max; the range is 30-38
What gives the ATP production this range?
- Conditions of ETC
- Under anaerobic-Glyclolysis makes 2 ATP
- Environment
Anaerobic respiration uses what instead of O2?
electron carriers
Fermentation for anaerobic
-Oxidation of NADH
-Pyruvate as electron acceptor
-Oxygen not needed
oxidative phosphorylation does not occur
What is another energy source that can be catabolized?
carbs
Monosaccharides are converted to what and enter what pathway?
sugar and glycolytic pathway
Disaccharides and polysaccharides are what?
cleaved
When are reserve polymers used?
in the absence of external nutrients
Common energy source and hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids?
Triglycerides
For lipid catabolism, glycerol is degraded how and fatty acids are degraded how?
glycolysis and Beta Oxidation
What hydrolyzes proteins to amino acids?
proteases
What is deamination?
removal of amino group from amino acids
What do chemolithotrophs carry out?
chemolithotrophy
For chemolithotrophy where does the electron go when it is released?
ETC
Less energy is available from what?
oxidation of inorganic molecules
What is the process of light trapped and converted to chemical energy?
photosynthesis
What are the two parts to photosynthesis?
Dark and Light reactions
What happens in light reactions?
energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy
What happens in dark reactions?
energy produced in light reactions is used to reduced CO2
What is released to the environment in light reactions?
oxygen
What are the major light absorbing pigments?
chlorophylls
What help transfer light energy to chlorophyll?
accessory pigments
How are chlorophyll arranged with accessory pigments?
Photosystems
What are organized chlorophyll and accessory pigments?
antennas
Noncylic electron flow produces what?
ATP and NADH
Cyclic Electron Flow produces what?
ATP
In anoxygenic reaction, what is not produced?
O2
