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BISC 260 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What does a heterotroph use for its carbon source?

A

organic molecules

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2
Q

What does a autotroph use for its carbon source

A

carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What do phototrophs use as an energy source?

A

light

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4
Q

What do chemotrophs use as its energy source?

A

oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds

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5
Q

Lithographs use what for electron sources?

A

reduced organic molecules

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6
Q

Organotrophs use what for electron sources?

A

organic molecules

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7
Q

What are photolithoautotrophs also known as?

A

photoautotrophs

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8
Q

What are chemoorganoheterotrophs also known as?

A

chemoheterotrophs

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9
Q

What nutritional types have an ecological importance?

A

photoorganoheterotrophs
chemolithoautotrophs
chemolithotrophs

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10
Q

What do organism use to fuel reactions?

A

ATP as energy currency
Reduce power to supply e
Precursor metabolites for biosynthesis

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11
Q

What processes do chemoheterotrophs use?

A

aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
fermentation

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12
Q

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is what?

A

Oxygen

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13
Q

In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is ?

A

Different: NO3, SO4, CO2, FE, or SEO4

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14
Q

In fermentation, chemoorganic fueling processes use what to oxidize organic energy sources?

A

endogenous electron acceptor

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15
Q

Are many different energy sources funneled into common degradative pathways?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Catabolic pathways uses what as for the substrate for the next reaction?

A

product

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17
Q

Amphibolic pathways function as what kind of pathways?

A

catabolic and anabolic

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18
Q

What are some important amphibolic pathways?

A

TCA

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19
Q

Aerobic respiration involves what pathways?

A

Glycolysis
TCA
ETC

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20
Q

What does Aerobic respiration produce?

A

ATP and high energy electron carriers

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21
Q

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate uses what pathway?

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

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22
Q

Where does the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway take place?

A

cytoplasmic matrix of m.o, plants, and animals

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23
Q

What are the two phases of the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?

A

Six Carbon Phase

Three Carbon Phase

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24
Q

What is produced during the 6 Carbon Phase?

A

glucose
2ADP
2 Phosphates
2 NAD

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25
Q

What is produced during the 3 Carbon Phase?

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Hydrogen

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26
Q

During the oxidation step of the E.M Pathway, the oxidation step does what?

A

generates NADH to synthesize ATP

27
Q

In the TCA cycle, for every acetyl-CoA oxidized what is generated?

A

2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

28
Q

How many ATP are synthesized directly from oxidation of glucose to CO2?

A

4

29
Q

Where are most ATP made?

A

in the ETC

30
Q

What does the ETC do with electrons?

A

moves them from NADH to FADH2, then to a terminal accepter O2

31
Q

In the ETC, the carriers are used how?

A

reduced then reoxidized

32
Q

The ETC creates what kind of force?

A

Proton Motive Force

33
Q

Where are the bacterial and archaeal ETC located?

A

plasma membrane

34
Q

Process by which ATP is synthesized as the result of electron transport driven by oxidation of chemical energy sources?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

35
Q

What hypothesis explains oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Chemiosomotic Hypothesis

36
Q

What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis?

A

protons move out of mitochondria as electrons move down the chain; the protons moving out makes a PMF

37
Q

PMF drives the synthesis of what?

A

ATP

38
Q

How many ATP are created during aerobic respiration?

A

38 is max; the range is 30-38

39
Q

What gives the ATP production this range?

A
  • Conditions of ETC
  • Under anaerobic-Glyclolysis makes 2 ATP
  • Environment
40
Q

Anaerobic respiration uses what instead of O2?

A

electron carriers

41
Q

Fermentation for anaerobic

A

-Oxidation of NADH
-Pyruvate as electron acceptor
-Oxygen not needed
oxidative phosphorylation does not occur

42
Q

What is another energy source that can be catabolized?

A

carbs

43
Q

Monosaccharides are converted to what and enter what pathway?

A

sugar and glycolytic pathway

44
Q

Disaccharides and polysaccharides are what?

A

cleaved

45
Q

When are reserve polymers used?

A

in the absence of external nutrients

46
Q

Common energy source and hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Triglycerides

47
Q

For lipid catabolism, glycerol is degraded how and fatty acids are degraded how?

A

glycolysis and Beta Oxidation

48
Q

What hydrolyzes proteins to amino acids?

A

proteases

49
Q

What is deamination?

A

removal of amino group from amino acids

50
Q

What do chemolithotrophs carry out?

A

chemolithotrophy

51
Q

For chemolithotrophy where does the electron go when it is released?

A

ETC

52
Q

Less energy is available from what?

A

oxidation of inorganic molecules

53
Q

What is the process of light trapped and converted to chemical energy?

A

photosynthesis

54
Q

What are the two parts to photosynthesis?

A

Dark and Light reactions

55
Q

What happens in light reactions?

A

energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy

56
Q

What happens in dark reactions?

A

energy produced in light reactions is used to reduced CO2

57
Q

What is released to the environment in light reactions?

A

oxygen

58
Q

What are the major light absorbing pigments?

A

chlorophylls

59
Q

What help transfer light energy to chlorophyll?

A

accessory pigments

60
Q

How are chlorophyll arranged with accessory pigments?

A

Photosystems

61
Q

What are organized chlorophyll and accessory pigments?

A

antennas

62
Q

Noncylic electron flow produces what?

A

ATP and NADH

63
Q

Cyclic Electron Flow produces what?

A

ATP

64
Q

In anoxygenic reaction, what is not produced?

A

O2

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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