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BISC 260 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce?

A

asexually or sexually

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2
Q

Haploid

A

one

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3
Q

Diploid

A

two

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4
Q

Bacteria and Archaea reproduce how?

A

asexually (binary fission, budding, filamnetous)

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5
Q

What do bacterial and archaeal reproduction result in?

A

haploid cells

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6
Q

How do most bacteria divide?

A

binary fission

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7
Q

What are the two pathways for bacterial cell cycle?

A

DNA replication and partition

Cytokinesis

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8
Q

What is the shape of most bacterial chromosomes?

A

circular

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9
Q

Acronym for chromosomes replication and partitioning?

A

STRO

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10
Q

Where is the site at which replication begins?

A

“S”ingle origin of replication

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11
Q

Where is the site at which replication is terminated?

A

“T”erminus

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12
Q

What is the group of proteins needed for DNA synthesis?

A

“R”eplisome

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13
Q

How do origins move during replication?

A

to opposite ends of the cell

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14
Q

What is the formation of cross walls between daughter cells?

A

septation

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15
Q

What are the steps to cytokinesis?

A

Selection site
assembly of Z ring
assembly of cell wall machinery
construction of cell and septum formation

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16
Q

What is the Z ring composed of?

A

Protein FtsZ

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17
Q

What is the shape of the protein FtsZ?

A

tubulin homologue

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18
Q

How is the Z ring formed?

A

through polymerization

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19
Q

How is the divisome protein formed?

A
  • Z rings are anchored to p.m
  • Machinery is assembled
  • the z ring is constructed, invagination of the p.m. and synthesis of septal wall completes division
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20
Q

How does peptidoglycan help with cellular growth and cell shape?

A

PBPs link PPG strands and catalyze degradation for new growth

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21
Q

What do autolysins do?

A

PBP enzymes that degrade PPG at site where new ones are added

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22
Q

Cocci divisome forms PPG only where?

A

at the septum

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23
Q

What determines the site for new cell growth?

A

FtsZ rings

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24
Q

What determines the shape of vibrio cells?

A

crescentin

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25
Q

What is crescentin?

A

intermediate filament homologue

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26
Q

What grow under harsh conditions?

A

Extremophiles

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27
Q

What is the osmotic concentration of hypotonic solution?

A

lower osmotic concentration

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28
Q

What happens in a hypotonic solution

A

water enters the cell, swells, and may burst

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29
Q

What is the osmotic concentration of hypertonic solutions?

A

higher osmotic concentration

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30
Q

What happens in a hypertonic solution?

A

water leaves the cell, shrinkage

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31
Q

What allows solutes to leave the cell, which reduces the osmotic concentration?

A

mechanosensitive channels in the plasma membrane

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32
Q

Halophiles grow optimally in the presence of what?

A

NaCl (0.2)

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33
Q

Extreme halophiles grow optimally in the presence of NaCl plus what?

A

K (2 and 6.2)

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34
Q

Why do extreme halophiles needed higher concentrations?

A

to maintain cell wall, proteins, and p.m

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35
Q

A lower water activity means what?

A

that most of it is bound

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36
Q

What is the ph for acidophiles?

A

0-5.5

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37
Q

What is the pH for neutrophiles?

A

5.5-7

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38
Q

What is the pH for alkaliphiles?

A

8.5-11

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39
Q

What is the internal pH of most microbes?

A

neutral

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40
Q

How due microbes tolerate acid?

A

pump protons out of the cell

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41
Q

How do many microorganisms change the pH of their habitat?

A

produce acidic and waste products

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42
Q

What can high temperatures inhibit?

A

enzyme functions

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43
Q

Temperature range for psychrophiles?

A

0-20 C

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44
Q

Temperature range for psychotrophs?

A

0-35 C

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45
Q

Temp range for mesophiles?

A

20-45 C

46
Q

Temp range for thermophiles?

A

55-85 C

47
Q

Temp range for hyperthermophiles?

A

85-113 C

48
Q

How do thermophiles adapt to their environment?

A

stabilize protein structure
histones stabilize DNA
membrane stabilization

49
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

requires O2

50
Q

anaerobe

A

grows in the absence of O2

51
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

killed in presence of O2

52
Q

microaerophile

A

requires 2-10% of O2

53
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

grow better in the presence of O2

54
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

grow with or without O2

55
Q

What enzymes do aerobes produce to protect themselves?

A

SOD
Catalase
Peroxidase

56
Q

Oxygen reduce to reactive oxygen species?

A

superoxide radical
hydrogen peroxide
hydroxyl radical

57
Q

Strict anaerobic microbes lack?

A

superoxide dismutase

catalase

58
Q

Adversely affected by increased pressure?

A

barotolerant

59
Q

Requires or grow more rapidly in the presence of increased pressure?

A

barophillic

60
Q

X rays and gamma rays are apart of what?

A

ionizing radiation

61
Q

What does ionizing radiation disrupt?

A

chemical structures, which can be repaired by DNA repair mechanisms

62
Q

What microorganism is resistant to radiation?

A

Deinococcus radiodurans

63
Q

What does UV radiation cause formation to?

A

thymine dimers

64
Q

What is the size of the wavelength that UV radiation is most effectively absorbed?

A

260nm

65
Q

UV radiation mutation to the genre can cause what?

A

death

66
Q

What protects microorganisms from photooxidation?

A

carotenoid pigments

67
Q

How do most microbes grow?

A

by being attached to surfaces

68
Q

Microbes are apart of what complex system?

A

biofilms

69
Q

Microbes attach to surfaces and release what for biofilm formation?

A

polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA

70
Q

What is produced as the biofilm matures?

A

polymers

71
Q

What is a mature biofilm made up of?

A

community of microorganisms

72
Q

What is heterogeneity?

A

metabolic activities different in activity and location

73
Q

How do interactions occur between the microbes?

A

among the organism through metabolism and DNA uptake and communication

74
Q

can illness occur from biofilms?

A

yes

75
Q

How do bacterial cells communicate in the biofilm?

A

Quorum sensing

76
Q

Qurom sensing steps

A

AHL diffuses across the p.m an targets genes for regulating certain functions

77
Q

What is AHL released by?

A

many gram negative organisms

78
Q

What are the two types of culture media?

A

solid or liquid

79
Q

What must a culture contain for the microorganism?

A

all nutrients required for growth

80
Q

Cultures can either be blank or blank?

A

synthetic or complex

81
Q

What type of media is a peptone?

A

protein hydrolysates from protein sources

82
Q

What type of media is extract?

A

aqueous, beef or yeast

83
Q

What type of media is agar?

A

solidifying agent

84
Q

What are the different types of functional media?

A

Supportive
Enriched
Selective
Differential

85
Q

What type of media favor the growth of some microorganisms and inhibits others?

A

Selective Media

86
Q

What type of media distinguishes bacteria based on their biological characteristics?

A

Differential Media

87
Q

What does the isolation of a pure culture do?

A

study for the single type of microorganism in a mixed culture (steak plate or pour plates)

88
Q

How does a pour plate work?

A

a diluted bacterial sample is mixed with a liquid agar

89
Q

Differences in the growth rate from edges to center of a dish is?

A

oxygen
nutrients
toxins

90
Q

Growth in cells refers to?

A

increase in cell number and size

91
Q

How does growth usually occur?

A

in populations

92
Q

What are the five phases of a growth curve?

A 
Lag Phase
Log Phase
Stationary Phase
Death Phase
Long term stationary term
93
Q

What phase consists of cells synthesizing new components?

A

Lag Phase

94
Q

What phase allows for maximal and constant rate of growth and development?

A

Log Phase aka Exponential Phase

95
Q

What is the uniform of cells in the log phase?

A

mostly chemical and physical properties

96
Q

During the log phase what is needed for the growth and division?

A

nutrients

97
Q

What happens during the stationary phase?

A

growth ceases and cells stop reproducing

98
Q

What are reasons for the stationary phase?

A

nutrient limitation
limited oxygen availability
toxic waste
max population

99
Q

What are the two hypothesis for death phase?

A

viable cells but not culturable and programmed cell death

100
Q

Cells alive but dormant, capable of growth under right conditions

A

cells are viable hypothesis

101
Q

Suicide

A

programmed cell death

102
Q

What happens in the prolonged decline in growth?

A

natural selection

103
Q

What is the time required for the population to double in size?

A

the generation time

104
Q

How long is the generation time?

A

10 minutes to days

105
Q

What is used for direct measurements of cell numbers?

A

counting chambers
electronic counters
on membrane filters

106
Q

How can you measure microbial growth?

A

change in number of cells in population and the mass of the population

107
Q

What can counting chambers not distinguish between?

A

living and dead cells

108
Q

How do membrane filters work?

A

stains them with fluorescent dyes

109
Q

Flow Cytometry

A

cells forced through orifice by a laser and the cells cause an electric current that leads to a disturbance. these are then counted

110
Q

Viable counting:alive or dead?

A

cells can exist between a variety of states between fully viable and actually dead

111
Q

Spread/Pour plates (lab)

A

mixed, incubated, and counted expressed by CFU

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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