Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are some common features of eukaryotic cells?
Membrane bound nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Cystoplasmic transport system
Complex structure
What is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm?
cytosol
What is composed of actin, intermediate, and microtubules?
Cytoskeleton
What transports proteins, lipids, and other materials within the cell?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Where are proteins synthesized?
Ribosomes
What packages and secretes materials for various purposes and forms lysosomes?
Golgi apparatus
Where does intracellular digestion take place?
Lysosome
Where does rRNA synthesis take place?
Nucleolus
What is a temporary storage system, food vacuole, and balances water?
Vacuole
What does the eukaryotic cell envelope consist of?
plasma membrane and external coverings
What does photosynthetic cell walls have for structure?
cellulose, pectin, and silica
What do fungi cell walls consist of?
cellulose, chitin, or glucan
What is a vast system of interconnected filaments?
cytoskeleton
What are small protein filaments?
actin filaments
What are actin filaments involved in the process of?
cell motion and shape changes
What filaments have an unclear role?
Intermediate filaments
What are the various roles of microtubules?
Help maintain shape
Involved with microfilemtns in cell movements
Participate in intracellular tranpsort processes
What does the secretory endocytic pathway do with materials?
Move materials from outside, from inside to outside, and within the cell
What organelles participate in the Secretory Endocytic Pathway?
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Rough ER has what attached to it?
Ribosomes
Smooth ER synthesizes what?
lipids
What is the major site for cell membrane synthesis?
ER
What is an organelle made of cisternae stacks?
Golgi Apparatus
What means stacks of cisternae?
Dictyosomes
What pathway moves materials to various sites within the cell, including to the plasma membrane or cell exterior?
The secretory pathway
Where are proteins synthesized at that are destined for the cell membrane, endosomes, and lysosomes or secretion?
RER
What targets proteins for their final destination?
Golgi
After contents are released from the Golgi, where do they go?
the endosomes and lysosomes
Proteins are either what or what whenever they’re delivered?
either stored or given straight to the cell membrane
What targets misfolded proteins proteins in the cytosol?
ubiquitin polypeptides
What destroys misfolded proteins in the cytosol?
proteasomes
What type of pathway is used to bring materials into the cell?
Endocytic Pathway
What are the different types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis
Clathrin-Dependent
Caveolin-Dependent
What type of endocytosis uses cell surface protrusions to surround and engulf particles?
Phagocytosis
What type of endocytosis uses clathrin protein coated pits that bind to macromolecules?
Clathrin dependent
What type of endocytosis may play a role in signal transduction?
Caveolin Dependent
How do endosomes develop into lysosomes?
early endosomes develop into late endosomes which fuse with lysosomes
What fuses with early endosomes?
cavesomes
What is autophagy?
delivery of materials to be digested that does not involve endocytosis
What is the process of digesting and recycling of cytoplasmic components?
Macroautophagy
What forms an autophagosome?
double membrane surrounding the cell component
What does a autophagosome fuse with?
lysosome
Once the lysosome is formed what happens?
digestion occurs and can be used as nutrients
Once the nutrients are released what happens to the lysosome?
it is now a residual body which can release contents to the the exterior by lysosome secretion
What is dense fibrous material and where is it located?
chromatin which is located in the nucleus
What is chromatin made up of?
DNA, histones, and other proteins
What are the five type of histones?
H1, H2A, H3, and H4
What do chromatin condense to during division?
chromosomes
What is the nuclear envelope?
double membrane structure that is continuous with the ER, penetrated by pores
What do nuclear pores allow for?
for materials to be transported into or out of the cell
Why are eukaryotic ribosomes 80S in size?
60S + 40S subunits
What size ribosomes are attached to the ER?
60S
What is the hypothesis that organelles have bacterial lineage?
Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
Where is the TCA taking place at?
mitochondria
Where is ATP generated?
mitochondria
What cycles produce ATP?
ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation
How do mitochondria reproduce?
binary fission
What is the outer membrane of mitochondria?
Porin proteins
What is the structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
high folded cristae where enzymes and the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation take place
What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria enclose?
the matrix where ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA, and enzymes for the TCA are
What are small energy conserving organelles in protists?
hydrogenosomes
What are hydrogenosomes descended from?
mitochondria
How is ATP generated in hydrogensomes?
fermentation; result in CO2, H2, and acetate
Pigment containing organelle?
chloroplasts
What is the site of photosynthetic reactions?
chloroplasts
What is the structure of the chloroplast?
stroma within an inner membrane
What does the inner membrane of the chloroplast contain?
DNA, ribosomes, lipid droplets, starch, and thylakoids
What is a thylakoid?
flattened membrane discs where the grana is
What does the grand do?
site for light reactions resulting in ATP, NADH, and oxygen
What is the site for the dark reaction?
Stroma; carbs formed by water and CO2
Algae chloroplasts may contain what?
pyrenoids
What is a pyrenoid?
participates in polysaccharide synthesis
What moves like oars?
cilia
What moves in a undulating?
flagella
What is the structure of flagella and cilia?
membrane bound cylinders
Axoneme
Basal Body
What is an axoneme?
microtubules in a 9+2 arrangment
Difference in eukaryotic cells compared to bacteria and archaea?
Nucleus
Larger
Meiosis and mitosis
Complex processes
How are the three domain similar?
biochemical processes and genetic code
