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BISC 260 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common features of eukaryotic cells?

A

Membrane bound nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Cystoplasmic transport system
Complex structure

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2
Q

What is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol

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3
Q

What is composed of actin, intermediate, and microtubules?

A

Cytoskeleton

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4
Q

What transports proteins, lipids, and other materials within the cell?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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5
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

Ribosomes

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6
Q

What packages and secretes materials for various purposes and forms lysosomes?

A

Golgi apparatus

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7
Q

Where does intracellular digestion take place?

A

Lysosome

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8
Q

Where does rRNA synthesis take place?

A

Nucleolus

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9
Q

What is a temporary storage system, food vacuole, and balances water?

A

Vacuole

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10
Q

What does the eukaryotic cell envelope consist of?

A

plasma membrane and external coverings

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11
Q

What does photosynthetic cell walls have for structure?

A

cellulose, pectin, and silica

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12
Q

What do fungi cell walls consist of?

A

cellulose, chitin, or glucan

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13
Q

What is a vast system of interconnected filaments?

A

cytoskeleton

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14
Q

What are small protein filaments?

A

actin filaments

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15
Q

What are actin filaments involved in the process of?

A

cell motion and shape changes

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16
Q

What filaments have an unclear role?

A

Intermediate filaments

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17
Q

What are the various roles of microtubules?

A

Help maintain shape
Involved with microfilemtns in cell movements
Participate in intracellular tranpsort processes

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18
Q

What does the secretory endocytic pathway do with materials?

A

Move materials from outside, from inside to outside, and within the cell

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19
Q

What organelles participate in the Secretory Endocytic Pathway?

A

ER
Golgi
Lysosomes

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20
Q

Rough ER has what attached to it?

A

Ribosomes

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21
Q

Smooth ER synthesizes what?

A

lipids

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22
Q

What is the major site for cell membrane synthesis?

A

ER

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23
Q

What is an organelle made of cisternae stacks?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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24
Q

What means stacks of cisternae?

A

Dictyosomes

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25
Q

What pathway moves materials to various sites within the cell, including to the plasma membrane or cell exterior?

A

The secretory pathway

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26
Q

Where are proteins synthesized at that are destined for the cell membrane, endosomes, and lysosomes or secretion?

A

RER

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27
Q

What targets proteins for their final destination?

A

Golgi

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28
Q

After contents are released from the Golgi, where do they go?

A

the endosomes and lysosomes

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29
Q

Proteins are either what or what whenever they’re delivered?

A

either stored or given straight to the cell membrane

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30
Q

What targets misfolded proteins proteins in the cytosol?

A

ubiquitin polypeptides

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31
Q

What destroys misfolded proteins in the cytosol?

A

proteasomes

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32
Q

What type of pathway is used to bring materials into the cell?

A

Endocytic Pathway

33
Q

What are the different types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis
Clathrin-Dependent
Caveolin-Dependent

34
Q

What type of endocytosis uses cell surface protrusions to surround and engulf particles?

A

Phagocytosis

35
Q

What type of endocytosis uses clathrin protein coated pits that bind to macromolecules?

A

Clathrin dependent

36
Q

What type of endocytosis may play a role in signal transduction?

A

Caveolin Dependent

37
Q

How do endosomes develop into lysosomes?

A

early endosomes develop into late endosomes which fuse with lysosomes

38
Q

What fuses with early endosomes?

A

cavesomes

39
Q

What is autophagy?

A

delivery of materials to be digested that does not involve endocytosis

40
Q

What is the process of digesting and recycling of cytoplasmic components?

A

Macroautophagy

41
Q

What forms an autophagosome?

A

double membrane surrounding the cell component

42
Q

What does a autophagosome fuse with?

A

lysosome

43
Q

Once the lysosome is formed what happens?

A

digestion occurs and can be used as nutrients

44
Q

Once the nutrients are released what happens to the lysosome?

A

it is now a residual body which can release contents to the the exterior by lysosome secretion

45
Q

What is dense fibrous material and where is it located?

A

chromatin which is located in the nucleus

46
Q

What is chromatin made up of?

A

DNA, histones, and other proteins

47
Q

What are the five type of histones?

A

H1, H2A, H3, and H4

48
Q

What do chromatin condense to during division?

A

chromosomes

49
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane structure that is continuous with the ER, penetrated by pores

50
Q

What do nuclear pores allow for?

A

for materials to be transported into or out of the cell

51
Q

Why are eukaryotic ribosomes 80S in size?

A

60S + 40S subunits

52
Q

What size ribosomes are attached to the ER?

A

60S

53
Q

What is the hypothesis that organelles have bacterial lineage?

A

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

54
Q

Where is the TCA taking place at?

A

mitochondria

55
Q

Where is ATP generated?

A

mitochondria

56
Q

What cycles produce ATP?

A

ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

How do mitochondria reproduce?

A

binary fission

58
Q

What is the outer membrane of mitochondria?

A

Porin proteins

59
Q

What is the structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

high folded cristae where enzymes and the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation take place

60
Q

What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria enclose?

A

the matrix where ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA, and enzymes for the TCA are

61
Q

What are small energy conserving organelles in protists?

A

hydrogenosomes

62
Q

What are hydrogenosomes descended from?

A

mitochondria

63
Q

How is ATP generated in hydrogensomes?

A

fermentation; result in CO2, H2, and acetate

64
Q

Pigment containing organelle?

A

chloroplasts

65
Q

What is the site of photosynthetic reactions?

A

chloroplasts

66
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplast?

A

stroma within an inner membrane

67
Q

What does the inner membrane of the chloroplast contain?

A

DNA, ribosomes, lipid droplets, starch, and thylakoids

68
Q

What is a thylakoid?

A

flattened membrane discs where the grana is

69
Q

What does the grand do?

A

site for light reactions resulting in ATP, NADH, and oxygen

70
Q

What is the site for the dark reaction?

A

Stroma; carbs formed by water and CO2

71
Q

Algae chloroplasts may contain what?

A

pyrenoids

72
Q

What is a pyrenoid?

A

participates in polysaccharide synthesis

73
Q

What moves like oars?

A

cilia

74
Q

What moves in a undulating?

A

flagella

75
Q

What is the structure of flagella and cilia?

A

membrane bound cylinders
Axoneme
Basal Body

76
Q

What is an axoneme?

A

microtubules in a 9+2 arrangment

77
Q

Difference in eukaryotic cells compared to bacteria and archaea?

A

Nucleus
Larger
Meiosis and mitosis
Complex processes

78
Q

How are the three domain similar?

A

biochemical processes and genetic code

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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