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Social Psych > Terms Chp 7-9 > Flashcards

Terms Chp 7-9 Flashcards

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2
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collectivism

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a cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, and self-reliance take priority over group allegiances

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3
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compliance

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changes in behaviour that are elicited by direct requests

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4
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conformity

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the tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behaviour in ways that are consistent with group norms.

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5
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door-in-the-face technique

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a two-step compliance technique in which an influencer prefaces the real request with one that is so large that it is rejected

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6
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foot-in-the-door technique

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a two-step compliance technique in which an influencer sets the stage for the real request by first getting person to comply with a much smaller request

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7
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informational influence

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influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgments

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8
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minority influence

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the process by which dissenters produce change within a group

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9
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low-balling

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a two-step compliance technique in which the influencer secures agreement with a request but then increases the size of that request by revealing hidden costs

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10
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minority influence

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the process by which dissenters produce change within a group

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11
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public conformity

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a superficial change in overt behaviour, without a corresponding change of opinion, produced by real or imagined group pressure.

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12
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obedience

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behaviour change produced by the commands of authority

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13
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social impact theory

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the theory that social influence depends on the strength, immediacy, and number of source persons relative to target persons

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14
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that’s-not-all technique

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a two-step compliance technique in which the influence4r begins with an inflated request, and then decreases its apparent size by offering a discount or bonus

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15
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biased sampling

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The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information (information already known by all or most group members) than unshared information (information known by only one or a few group members).

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16
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brainstorming

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A technique that attempts to increase the production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or others’ contributions.

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17
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collective

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People engaged in common activities but having minimal direct interaction.

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18
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collective effort model

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The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value.

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19
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deindividuation

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The loss of a person’s sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behaviour.

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20
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distraction-conflict theory

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A theory holding that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict.

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21
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escalation effect

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The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made.

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22
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evaluation apprehension theory

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A theory holding that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators.

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23
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graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction (GRIT)

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A strategy for unilateral, persistent efforts to establish trust between opposing parties.

24
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group cohesiveness

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The extent to which forces exerted on a group push its members closer together.

25
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group polarization

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The exaggeration through group discussion of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members.

26
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groupthink

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A group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence.

27
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integrative agreement

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A negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of the contested resources.

28
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mere presence theory

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A theory holding that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects.

29
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prisoner’s dilemma

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A type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party; typically designed in such a way that competitive moves are more beneficial to either side, but if both sides make competitive moves, they are both worse off than if they both cooperated.

30
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process loss

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The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problems of coordination and motivation.

31
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resource dilemmas

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Social dilemmas concerning how two or more people share a limited resource.

32
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social dilemma

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A situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone creates the worst outcome for everyone.

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social facilitation

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A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks.

34
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social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)

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A model of group behaviour that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity.

35
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social loafing

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A group-produced reduction in individual output on easy tasks where contributions are pooled.

36
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transitive memory

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A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could alone.

37
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attachment style

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The way a person typically interacts with significant others.

38
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communal relationship

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A relationship in which the participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other’s needs.

39
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companionate love

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A secure, trusting, stable partnership.

40
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equity theory

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The theory that people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners.

41
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exchange relationships

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A relationships in which the participants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions.

42
Q

excitation transfer

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The process whereby arousal caused by one stimulus is added to arousal from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is attributed to the second stimulus.

43
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hard-to-get effect

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The tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available.

44
Q

intimate relationship

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A close relationship between two adults involving emotional attachment, fulfillment of psychological needs, or interdependence.

45
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loneliness

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A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations.

46
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matching hypothesis

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The proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar in physical attractiveness.

47
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mere exposure effect

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The phenomenon whereby the more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the more positively they evaluate that stimulus.

48
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need for affiliation

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The desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships.

49
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passionate love

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Romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear rejection.

50
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reciprocity

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A mutual exchange between what we give and receive - for example, liking those who like us.

51
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self-disclosure

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Revelations about the self that a person makes to others.

52
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sexual orientation

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One’s sexual preference for members of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes.

53
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social exchange theory

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A perspective that views people as motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others.

54
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triangular theory of love

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A theory proposing that love has three basic components - intimacy, passion, and commitment - which can be combined to produce eight subtypes.

55
Q

what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype

A

The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics.

Social Psych (13 decks)

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