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Social Psych > Terms Chp 4-6 > Flashcards

Terms Chp 4-6 Flashcards

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1
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2
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actor-observer effect

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The tendency to attribute our own behaviour to situational causes and the behaviour of others to personal factors.

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3
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attribution theory

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A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behaviour.

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4
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availability heuristic

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The tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind.

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5
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base-rate fallacy

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The finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates.

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6
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belief in a just world

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The belief that individuals get what they deserve in life, an orientation that leads people to disparage victims.

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7
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belief in perseverance

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The tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited.

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8
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central traits

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Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions.

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9
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confirmation bias

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The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs.

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10
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counterfactual thinking

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The tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not.

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11
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fundamental attribution error

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The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behaviour. This error is sometimes called correspondence bias.

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12
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implicit personality theory

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A network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviours.

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13
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impression formation

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The process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression.

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14
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information integration theory

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The theory that impressions are based on perceiver dispositions and a weighted average of a target person’s traits.

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15
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primacy effect

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The tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later.

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16
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priming

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The tendency for recently used or perceived words or ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information

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17
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self-fulfilling prophecy

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The process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.

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18
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social perception

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A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another.

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19
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ambivalent sexism

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A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings, and affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.

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20
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contact hypothesis

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The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions

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21
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discrimination

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Negative behaviour directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

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22
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group illusory correlation

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An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.

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23
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implicit racism

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Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

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24
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Implicit Association Test (IAT)

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A covert measure of unconscious attitudes, it is derived from the speed at which people respond to pairings of concepts, such as black or white with good or bad.

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25
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in-group favouritism

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The tendency to discriminate in favour of ingroups over outgroups.

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26
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ingroups

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Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.

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27
Q

jigsaw classroom

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A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.

28
Q

modern racism

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A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.

29
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outgroup homogeneity effect

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The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

30
Q

outgroups

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Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.

31
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prejudice

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Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups.

32
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racism

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Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.

33
Q

realistic conflict theory

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The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

34
Q

relative deprivation

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Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared to others.

35
Q

sexism

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Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another.

36
Q

social categorization

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The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.

37
Q

social dominance orientation

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A desire to see one’s ingroups as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups.

38
Q

social identity theory

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The theory that people favour ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self- esteem.

39
Q

social role theory

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The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.

40
Q

stereotype

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A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.

41
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stereotype content model

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A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.

42
Q

stereotype threat

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The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group.

43
Q

subliminal presentation

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A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.

44
Q

superordinate goals

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A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or group

45
Q

group

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Two or more persons perceived as related because of their interactions with each other over time, membership in the same social category, or common fate.

46
Q

cross-race identification bias

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The tendency for people to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own.

47
Q

attitude

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A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea.

48
Q

attitude scale

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A multiple-item questionnaire designed to measure a person’s attitude toward some object.

49
Q

bogus pipeline

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A fake lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions.

50
Q

central route to persuasion

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The process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments.

51
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

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The theory that holding inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce.

52
Q

elaboration

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The process of thinking about and scrutinizing the arguments contained in a persuasive communication.

53
Q

facial electromyograph (EMG)

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An electronic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes.

54
Q

implicit attitude

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An attitude—such as prejudice— that one is not aware of having.

55
Q

Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP)

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A way of measuring unconscious attitudes, similar to the IAT,
that focuses on cognition and specific relations rather than general associations.

56
Q

inoculation hypothesis

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The idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument.

57
Q

insufficient deterrence

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A condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity, even when only mild punishment is threatened

58
Q

insufficient justification

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A condition in which people freely perform an attitude- discrepant behaviour without receiving a large reward.

59
Q

need for cognition (NC)

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A personality variable that distinguishes people on the basis of how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities.

60
Q

peripheral route to persuasion

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The process by which a person does not think carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues

61
Q

persuasion

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The process by which attitudes are changed

62
Q

psychological reactance

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The theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves and perceiving the threatened freedom as more attractive.

63
Q

sleeper effect

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A delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a noncredible source

64
Q

theory of planned behaviour

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The theory that attitudes toward a specific behaviour combine with subjective norms and perceived control to influence a person’s actions.

65
Q

group

A

two or more people perceived as having at least one of the following characteristics: (1) direct interactions with each other over a period of time; (2) joint membership in a social category based on sex, race, or other attributes; (3) a shared, common fate, identity, or set of goals.

Social Psych (13 decks)

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