Terms Chp 10-11\

Question 2

altruistic

Answer 2

motivated by the desire to improve another’s welfare

Question 3

arousal: cost-reward model

Answer 3

The proposition that people react to emergency situations by acting in the most cost-effective way to reduce the arousal of shock and alarm.

Question 4

audience inhibition

Answer 4

reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers

Question 5

bystander effect

Answer 5

the effect whereby the presence of others inhibits helping

Question 6

diffusion of responsiblity

Answer 6

the belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need

Question 7

egoistic

Answer 7

motivated by the desire to improve one’s own welfare

Question 8

empathy

Answer 8

understanding or vicariously experiencing another individual’s perspective and feeling sympathy or compassion for that individual

Question 9

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 9

The proposition that empathic concern for a person in need produces an altruistic motive for helping

Question 10

good mood effect

Answer 10

the effect whereby a good mood increases helping behaviour

Question 11

kin selection

Answer 11

preferential helping of genetic relatives, so that genes held in common will survive

Question 12

negative state relief model

Answer 12

the proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness

Question 13

norm of social responsibility

Answer 13

a moral standard emphasizing that people should help those who need assistance

Question 14

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 14

the state in which people mistakenly believe that their own thoughts and feelings are different from those of others, even when everyone’s behaviour is the same

Question 15

prosocial behaviours

Answer 15

actions intended to benefit others

Question 16

social norm

Answer 16

a general rule of conduct reflecting standards of social approval and disapproval

Question 17

threat-to-self-esteem model

Answer 17

the theory that reactions to receiving assistance depend on whether help is perceived as supportive or threatening

Question 18

aggression

Answer 18

behaviour intended to harm another individual

Question 19

catharsis

Answer 19

a reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression

Question 20

cultivation

Answer 20

the process by which the mass media (particularly television) construct a version of social reality for the public

Question 21

cycle of family violence

Answer 21

the transmission of domestic violence across generations

Question 22

desensitization

Answer 22

reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus

Question 23

displacement

Answer 23

aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access

Question 24

instrumental aggression

Answer 24

inflicting harm in order to obtain something of value

Question 25

mitigating information

Answer 25

information about a person’s situation indicating that he or she should not be held fully responsible for aggressive actions

Question 26

pornography

Answer 26

explicit sexual material

Question 27

social learning theory

Answer 27

the theory that b behaviour is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments

Question 28

weapons effect

Answer 28

the tendency of weapons to increase the likelihood of aggression by their mere presence

Question 29

emotional aggression

Answer 29

inflicting harm for its own sake

Question 30

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 30

the idea that frustration always elicits the motive to aggress, and that all aggression is caused by frustration

Question 31

hostile attribution bias

Answer 31

the tendency to perceive hostile intent in others