Chp. 5 & 6 Multiple Choice & T/F

Question 1

Stereotypes are

a) acceptance or rejection of a person based on group membership
b) beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain characteristics
c) intolerant attitudes toward a specific group
d) intensely positive or negative emotions toward a specific group

Answer 1

B

beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain characteristics

Question 2

The out-group homogeneity effect refers to the perception that

a) all out-groups are similar to one another
b) members of another group are more similar to one another then are the members of one’s own group
c) members of another group are more similar to one’s own group than they really are
d) members of the out-group are similar to members of one’s own group

Answer 2

B

members of another group are more similar to one another than are the members of one’s own group

Question 3

According to Hamilton and associates, many instances of stereotyping arise and are maintained through the operation of

a) availability heuristics
b) illusory correlations
c) actor-observer bias
d) the kernel of truth hypothesis

Answer 3

B

illusory correlations

Question 4

In the classic experiments conducted by Sherif at the Robbers Cave summer camp, the two groups of young boys came to dislike each other very much after

a) a period of competition with each other
b) fighting a common enemy
c) working towards a common goal
d) the arrival of a female coach

Answer 4

A

a period of competition with each other

Question 5

The contact hypothesis stipulates that prejudice can be reduced through inter-group contact if

a) the groups are of equal status
b) the social norms should be supportive of inter-group contact
c) the groups share a cooperative and mutually dependent goal
d) all of the above are present

Answer 5

D

all of the above are present

Question 6

The common ways of measuring attitudes include

a) attitude scales
b) behavioural observations
c) the Implicit Association Test
d) all of the above

Answer 6

D

all of the above

Question 7

Research has failed to find strong attitude-behaviour relationships because

a) most attitude studies use self-report techniques
b) most of the attitude behaviour studies are seriously flawed
c) there is a lack of match in the specificity between attitude measures and behavioural measures
d) some observed behaviours may have been misinterpreted

Answer 7

C

there is a lack of specificity between attitude measures and behavioural measures

Question 8

In the Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment, research participants spent time turing knobs and then told the next research participant that the task was interesting. The results of the experiment demonstrated

a) a post-decision regret
b) an attitude-discrepant behaviour with justification
c) an attitude-discrepant behaviour without justification
d) an attitude-discrepant behaviour with insufficient deterrence

Answer 8

C

an attitude-discrepant behaviour with insufficient justification

Question 9

Which of the following is not a characteristic associated with central route processing in the dual-process model of persuasion?

a) important message content
b) a physically attractive speaker
c) a message delivered clearly by the speaker
d) high personal involvement among members of the audience

Answer 9

B

a physically attractive speaker

Question 10

The _____ effect occurs when an earlier message has greater influence over acceptance than does a later message.

a) recency
b) primacy
c) sleeper
d) inoculation

Answer 10

B

primacy

Question 11

Children do not tend to show biases based on race; it is only after they become adolescents that they learn to respond to people differently based on race.

TRUE or FALSE?

Answer 11

FALSE

Question 12

Very brief exposure to a member of a stereotyped group does not lead to biased judgments or responses, but longer exposure typically does.

TRUE or FALSE?

Answer 12

FALSE

Question 13

Even brief exposure to sexist television commericals can significantly influence the behaviours of men and women.

TRUE or FALSE?

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

A black student is likely to perform worse on an athletic task if the task is described as one reflecting sports intelligence than if it is described as reflecting natural athletic ability.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

Groups with a history of prejudice toward each other tend to become much less prejudiced soon after they are made to interact with each other in a desegregated setting.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 15

FALSE

Question 16

Researchers can tell if someone has a positve or negative attitude by measuring physiological arousal.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 16

FALSE

Question 17

In reacting to persuasive communications, people are influenced more by superficial images than by logical arguments.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 17

FALSE

Question 18

People are most easily persuaded by commerical messages that are presented without their awareness.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 18

FALSE

Question 19

The more money you pay people to tell a lie, the more they will come to believe it.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 19

FALSE

Question 20

People often come to like what they suffer for.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

According to implicit personality theories, which of the following would be most likely if we knew Yael was an extrovert?

a) we would be less likely to form an overall positive impression of her
b) we would be more likely to form an overall positive impression of her
c) we would look for situations in which one ought to be extroverted
d) we would assume she possesses other traits related to extroversion

Answer 21

D

we would assume she possesses other traits related to extroversion

Question 22

To detect deception, which one of the following channels of communication should you attend to?

a) eye contact
b) body posture
c) speech pitch
d) facial expression

Answer 22

C

speech pitch

Question 23

What does the study of social perception address?

a) how people explain their own behaviour
b) how people form impressions of others
c) the strategies people use to create a positive self-image
d) the way that we compare ourselves to others

Answer 23

B

how people form impressions of others

Question 24

Though she doesn’t usually watch television, Danielle never usually misses My Big Fat Fiance on Monday nights. Which of the following best describes Danielle’s behaviour?

a) low in consistency
b) high in distinctiveness
c) low in consensus
d) high in covariation

Answer 24

B

high in distinctiveness

Question 25

What is the confirmation bias?

a) people’s tendency to agree with others whose attitudes differ from theirs
b) people’s tendency to behave according to other people’s expectations
c) people’s tendency to interpret earlier information to make it more consistent with subsequent information
d) people’s tendency to interpret, seek, and create information in ways that support existing beliefs

Answer 25

D

people’s tendency to interpret, seek, and create informoation in ways that support existing beliefs

Question 26

How was Aronson’s jigsaw classroom work similar to Sharif’s Robbers Cave experiment?

a) both illustrated how social roles can influence the use of stereotypes
b) both illustrated how superinordinate goals can reduce prejudice
c) both illustrated how social identification with a group can increase ingroup favouritism
d) both illustrated how overcoming feelings of relative deprivation can decrease prejudice

Answer 26

B

both illustrated how superordinate goals can reduce prejudice

Question 27

Some people dislike immigrants because they fear that immigrants will take jobs away from them. Which theory best explains these feelings?

a) social role theory
b) social identity theory
c) social categorization theory
d) realistic conflict theory

Answer 27

D

realistic conflict theory

Question 28

Why do ingroup members often display the outgroup homogeneity effect?

a) because ingroups and outgroups must compete for shared resources
b) because they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup
c) because they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group
d) because they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup

Answer 28

B

because they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup

Question 29

Which of the following mechanisms allow an individual to maintain a stereotype even in the face of strongly contradictory evidence?

a) an illusory correlation
b) a jigsaw classroom
c) subtyping
d) self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 29

C

subtyping

Question 30

Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. Which of the following methods should she use in her research?

a) She should use a Likert scale because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects like other methods.
b) she should use a bogus pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects like other methods
c) she should use a behavioural measure because it shows the attitude more clearly than other methods
d) she should use a facial electromyograph because it shows the attitude more clearly than other methods

Answer 30

B

she should use a bogus pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects like other methods

Question 31

In which of the following situations will attitude-behaviour correspondence be greatest?

a) when the person cannot see him- or herself
b) when social norms are well known
c) when the behaviour is not too highly specific
d) when the attitude is strongly held

Answer 31

D

when the attitude is strongly held

Question 32

As personal involvement regarding an issue increases, which of the following is most likely to happen?

a) the quality of the arguments become a more important determinant of persuasion
b) the credibility of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion
c) the attractiveness of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion
d) the likeability of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion

Answer 32

A

the quality of the arguments become a more important determinant of persuasion

Question 33

Hope read a persuasive message written by a source she deemed in competent and untrustworthy. According to the sleeper effect, what effect will that message most likely have on her attitude over time?

a) her attitude will change over time in the direction advocated by the speaker
b) her agreement with the attitudinal message will first increase, and then decrease over time
c) her agreement with the attitudinal message will change over time in the opposite direction than that advocated for by the speaker
d) her agreement with the attitudinal message will decrease over time

Answer 33

A

her attitude will change over time in the direction advocated by the speaker

Question 34

A social psychology graduate student who works long hours for little pay becomes increasingly convinced that she loves social psychology. What is the most likely cause of this student’s attitude toward her chosen field of study?

a) psychological reactance
b) self-affirmation
c) insufficient justification
d) insufficient deterrence

Answer 34

C

insufficient justification