Cumulative Deck Flashcards by Barbara Bishop

Responses in self-reported surveys can be inaccurate because:

a) the questions may be interpreted differently across cultures or contexts
b) respondents may not remember accurately
c) respondents may not answer questions honestly
d) all of the above

all of the above

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Two recent trends in social psychology have been a grown interest in

a) cross-cultural perspectives and social cognition
b) social motivation research and attitude research
c) sociocultural perspective and social neuroscience
d) attitude research and conformity research

sociocultural perspective and neuroscience

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What does the study of social perception address?

a) how people explain their own behaviour
b) how people form impressions of others
c) the strategies people use to create a positive self-image
d) the way we compare ourselves to others

how people form impressions of others

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Among the following social psychologists, who was one of the original founders of social psychology?

a) Norman Triplett
b) Stanley Milgram
c) Michael Norton
d) Philip Zimbardo

Norman Triplett

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Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. Which of the following methods should she use in her research?

a) she should use a Likert scale because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects as other methods
b) she should use a Bogus Pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects as other methods.
c) she should use a behaviour measure because it shows the attitude more clearly than other measures
d) she should use a facial electromyograph because is shows the attitude more clearly than other methods

she should use a Bogus Pipleine

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People oftren sabotage their own performance in order to protect their self-esteem.

TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

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Which of the following is not a characteristic of social psychology?

a) focus on societal variables, such as social class
b) focus on the individual
c) the frequent use of experimental methodology
d) interest in understanding behaviours in the social world

focus on societal variables, such as social class

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The implicit personality theories that we hold about others are

a) based on our analysis of people’s central traits
b) the result of careful analysis of people’s characteristics
c) the result of unstated assumptions about people’s characteristics
d) based on atrributional biases

the results of unstated assumptions about people’s characteristics

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Sometimes the harder you try to control a thought, feeling, or behaviour, the less likely you are to succeed.

TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

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A research participant is said to have given informed consent if the participant decides to participate in a study after receiving

a) information about previous research studies
b) enough information to make an informed decision
c) a description of the purpose of the experiment
d) the guarantee of a full debriefing after the experiment

enough information to make an informed decision

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What is the best solution to the problem of experimenter expectancy effects?

a) the use of different experimenters in different conditions
b) letting participants choose their own condition
c) keeping experimenters uninformed about group assignment
d) strict attention to random assignment

keeping experimenters uninformed about group assignment

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In contrast to individuals from Western cultures, those from collectivist cultures define themselves primarily in terms of

a) personal abilities
b) personal values
c) relationships with people, groups, and institutions
d) ) educational and career goals

relationships with people, groups, and institutions

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If your research question is “Does role modelling increase helping behaviour in fifth grade school children?” which of the following is the independent variable?

a) role modelling
b) helping behaviour
c) fifth grade
d) school children

role modelling

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Self-handicapping is a strategy that some people use to protect their self-esteem by

a) creating an expectation of success
b) creaeting an opportunity for success
c) purposely setting themselves up for failure so that they can provide an excuse for their anticipated failure
d) refusing to cheat on a test when others do

purposely setting themselves up for failure so that they can provide an excuse for their anticipated failure

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Why do ingroup members often display the outgroup homogeneity effect?

a) because ingroups and outgroups must compete for shared resources
b) because they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup
c) because they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group
d) because they usually encounter the more typical members of the outgroup

because they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup

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People are slow to change their first impressions on the basis of new information.

TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

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In order to conduct an experiment, which of the following must researchers have?

a) the ability to observe behaviour unnoticed
b) the ability to systematically measure two variables
c) the ability to manipulate an independent variable
d) a laboratory environment

the ability to manipulate an independent variable

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Cross-cultural research indicates that most North Americans are more likely than most Asians to do which of the following?

a) perceive themselves as unique
b) assume blame for failures
c) strive for community belonging
d) alter their perceptions of others

perceive themselves as unique

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John thinks that cohabitation is very common now. His opinion is based on recalling that a number of the couples he knows have recently moved in together. This is asn example of the

a) false consensus effect
b) illusory correlation
c) representativeness heuristic
d) availability heuristic

availability heuristic

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Joan gets annoyed when she burns her dinner, when she switches to the wrong channel on the television, or when she only gets a B on her social psychology exam. According to the covariation model, Joan’s annoyance has low

a) consistency
b) consensus
c) distinctiveness
d) attribution

distinctiveness

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To learn about human behaviour, which of the following does social psychology rely on the most heavily?

a) critical analysis to develop general principles that describe human behaviour
b) the assumption that only social factors influence human behaviour
c) the scientific method to learn about human behaviour
d) cultural analysis to learn about human behaviour

the scientific method to learn about human behaviour

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Humans are the only animals who recognize themselves in the mirror.

TRUE or FALSE

FALSE

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Compared with high self-monitors, low self-monitors tend to

a) be good at impression management
b) act consistently across situations
c) be less vulnerable to self-deception
d) conform to social norms

act consistently across situations

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To detect deception, which of the following channels of communication should you attend to?

a) eye contact
b) body posture
c) speech pitch
d) facial expression

speech pitch

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Like social psychologists, people are sensitive to situational causes when explaining the behaviour of others. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

Adaptively, people are skilled at knowing when someone is lying rather than telling the truth. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a) the results of the research study apply to different populations b) the variables measure what they are purposed to measure c) the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable d) the results of the research study have statistical significance

**C** the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable

In the social comparison theory as proposed by Festinger in 1954, a) people are motivated to evaluate their opinions, feelings, and abilities. b) people will evaluate themselves in comparison with others, especially in the absence of objective bases of evaluation c) people always compare themselves with other people whom they admire d) both a and b are accurate

**D** both A and B are accurate

A social psychology graduate student who works long hours for little pay becomes increasingly convinced that she loves social psychology. What is the most likely cause of this student's attitude toward her chosen field of study? a) psychological reactance b) self-affirmation c) insufficient justification d) insufficient deterrence

**C** insufficient justification

Smiling can make you feel happier. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

The notion that we can create a "self-fulfilling prophecy" by getting others to behave in ways we expect is a myth. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

Hope read a persuasive message written by a source whom she considered incompetent and untrustworthy. According to the sleeper effect, what effect will that message most likely have on her attitude over time? a) Her attitude will change overtime in the direction advocated by the speaker. b) Her agreement with the attitudinal message will first increase, and then decrease over time. c) Her agreement with the attitudinal message will in the opposite direction than that advocated by the speaker. d) Her agreement with the attitudinal message will decrease over time.

**A** Her attitude will change overtime in the direction advocated by the speaker

Jasper is feeling guilty and ashamed because he did not help his mother paint the house. Jasper is most likely suffering from a discrepancy between what two aspects of the self? a) the ideal self and the ought self b) the ideal self and the actual self c) the ought self and the actual self d) the actual self and the real self

**C** the ought self and the actual self

For social psychology, the 1960s and early 1970s was a period of a) confidence and crisis b) stability and maturity c) pluralism and development d) infancy and maturation

**A** confidence and crisis

Which of the following distinguishes correlational research from experimental research? a) correlational research uses random assignment of research participants b) No attempt is made to systematically manipulate one or more variables in correlational research. c) Correlational research can be used to study social attitudes. d) The findings from correlational research can demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships among variables

**B** no attempt is made to systematically manipulate one or more variables in correlational research

What is self-esteem? a) It is a constructed cognitive component of the self-concept b) it is an overall evaluation based in part, on success and failure c) it is a large knowledge-base about the self d) it is a trait that is stable, varying across the lifespan

**B** it is an overall evaluation based in part, on success and failure

What is construct validty? a) the extent to which the independent variable caused the observed change to the dependent variable b) the extent to which the operational definitions reflect the conceptual variables of interest c) the extent to which the experimental procedures are involving and meaningful to the participants d) the extent to which different constructs within the study are correlated with one another

**B** the extent to which the operational definitions reflect the conceptual variables of interest

What do social psychologists use descriptive research to reveal? a) general patterns and trends in the variables of interest b) cause-and-effect relationships between independent and dependent variables c) associations between two or more variables of interest d) the strength of an observed effect

**A** general patterns and trends in the variables of interest

Which of the following is not true of social psychology in Canada? a) Social psychology in Canada began in the 1910s. b) Researchers from both Canada and the United States have dominated social psychology throughout most of its history c) Most of the Canadian social psychological research differs little from research conducted in the United States d) Canadian social psychologists have become world leaders in domains that are particularly relevant to Canadian society.

**B** researchers from both Canada and the United states have dominated social psychology throughout most of its history

Helene is schematic concerning honesty. Which of the following statements best describes Helene? a) She is likely to see honesty as important only some of the time. b) She is likely to consider honesty a central part of her self-concept. c) She is likely to report on the dishonest behaviour of others. d) She is likely to be more concerned about appearing honest than most people.

**B** she is likely to consider honesty a central part of her self-conept

Social psychology a) shows that all common sense is always accurate b) shows that common sense is always inaccurate c) is the scientific pursuit of common sense d) tests the valid of and seeks to provide explanations for many common sense ideas about social behaviours

**D** tests the validity of and seeks to provide explanations for many common sense ideas about social behaviours

What is the confirmation bias? a) People's tendencies to disagree with others whose additude differs from theirs b) people's tendencies to behave according to other people's expectations c) people's tendency to interpret earlier information to make it more consistent with subsequent information d) people's tendency to interpret, create, and seek information in ways that support existing beliefs

**D** people's tendency to interpret, create, and seek information in ways that support existing beliefs

According to explicit personality theories, which of the following would be most likely if Yael is an extrovert? a) We would be less likely to form an overall positive impression of her. b) We would be more likely to form an overall positive impression of her. c) We would look for situations in which one ought to be extroverted. d) We would assume she also possesses other traits related to extroversion.

**D** we would assume she also possesses other traits related to extroversion

People are more accurate at judging the personality of friends and acquaintances than of strangers. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

The affective component of the self is a) self-concept b) self-presentation c) self-esteem d) self perception

**C** self-esteem

In which of the following situations will attitude-behaviour correspondence be better? a) when the person cannot see him or herself b) when social norms are well known c) when the behaviour is not too highly specific d) when the attitude is strongly held

**D** when the attitude is strongly held

As personal involvement regarding an issue increases, which of the following is most likely to happen? a) The quality of arguments become a more important determinant of persuasion. b) The credibility of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion. c) The attractiveness of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion. d) The likeability of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion.

**B** the credibility of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasioin

The impressions we form of others are influenced by superficial aspects of their appearance. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

Although related to other fields, social psychology is distinct in that its emphasis is on which of the following? a) describing the relationship between human behaviour and societal variables b) understanding the influences of societal forces on group behaviour c) identifying individual characteristics that are relatively stable over time d) understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behaviour

**D** understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behaviour

Which of the following mechanisms allow an individual to maintain a stereotype even in the face of strongly contradictory evidence? a) an illusory correlation b) a jigsaw classroom c) subtyping d) self-fulfilling prophecies

**A** an illusory correlation

What does Schacter's two-factor theory or emotion propose about emotional experience? a) That is independent of social comparison processes b) That it requires a combination of positive and negative physiological arousal c) That it is independent of physiological arousal d) That it is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal

**D** that it is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal

Some people dislike immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. Which theory best explains those feelings? a) social role theory b) social identity theory c) social categorization theory d) realistic conflict theory

**D** realistic conflict theory

Though she doesn't usually watch television, Danielle never misses *My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance* on Monday nights. Which of the following best describes Danielle's behaviour? a) low in consistency b) high in distinctiveness c) low in consensus d) high in covariation

**B** high in distinctiveness

It's more adaptive to alter one's behaviour than to stay consistent from one social situation to the next. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

How is Aronson's jigsaw classroom work similar to Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment? a) both illustrated how social roles can influence the use of stereotypes b) both illustrated how subordinate goals can reduce prejudice c) both illustrated how social identification with a group can increase group favouritism d) both illustrated how overcoming feelings of relative deprivation can decrease prejudice

**B** both illustrated how subordinate goals can reduce prejudice

People tend to be overly optimistic about their future. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

What is the most important feature that should be considered when selecting samples in survey studies? a) inclusion of equal numbers of individuals from different groups in the population b) the number of people in the sample c) the ratio of the sample size to the population size d) the extent to which the demographics of the sample proportionately match those of the population

**D** the extent to which the demographics of the sample proportionately match those of the population

Which of the following was a key component to critiques of social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s? a) concerns about whether participants always received ethical treatment b) concerns over the relevance of laboratory research c) concerns that too many research approaches were being used wtihin each area d) concerns that too many different cultures were being studied

**A** concerns about whether participants always received ethical treatment

Research on eye contact suggests that a) frequent eye contact always signals affection and sincerity b) children under two years old cannot follow gaze or maintain eye contact c) norms vary from culture to culture with regard to eye contact during conversations d) prolonged eye contact always singals confrontation

**C** norms vary from culture to culture with regard to eye contact during conversations

The actor-observer effect and the fundamental attribution error are different in that in the actor-observer effect a) people exaggerate the importance of negative information and underestimate the importance of positive information b) people attribute dispositional factors as the cause of other people's behaviour and attribute situational factors as the cause of their own behaviour c) people disregard the importance of personal dispositions and overestimate situational factors as the casue of other people's behaviour d) people exaggerate the importance of dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors as teh cause of other people's behaviour

**B** people attribute dispositional factors as the cause of other people's behaviour and attribute situational factors as the cause of their own behaviour

interactionist perspective

an emphasis on how both an individual's personality and environmental characteristics influence behaviour

social cognition

the study of how people perceive remember, and interpret information about themselves and others

social neuroscience

the study of the relationship between neural and social processes

behavioural genetics

a subfield of psychology that examines the role of genetic factors in behaviour

evolutionary psychology

a subfield of psychology that uses the principles of evolution to understand human social behaviour

culture

a system of enduring meanings, beliefs, values, assumptions, institutions, and practices shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

cross-cultural research

research designed to compare and contrast people of different cultures

multicultural research

research designed to examine racial and ethnic groups within cultures

social psychology

the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context

applied research

research designed to enlarge the understanding of naturally occurring events and to find solutions to practical problems

basic research

research designed to increase the understanding of human behaviour, often by testing hypotheses based on a theory

confederate

accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant

hypothesis

a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur

correlation coefficient

a statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables

correlational research

research designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher

debriefing

a disclosure, made to participant after research procedures are completed, in which the researcher explains the purpose of the research, attempts to resolve any negative feelings and em

deception

in the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants

dependent variable

in an experiment, a factor that experimenters measure to see if it is affected by the independent variable

experiment

a form of research that can demonstrate causal relationships because the experimenter has control over the events that occur and participants are randomly assigned to the conditions

experimental realism

the degree to which experimental procedures are involving to participants and lead them to behave naturally and spontaneously

experimenter expectancy effects

the effects produced when an experimenter's expectations about the results of an experiment affect his or her behaviour toward a participant and thereby influence the participant's responses

external validity

the degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations

hypothesis

a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur

independent variable

in an experiment, a factor that experimenters manipulate to see if it affects the dependent variable

informed consent

an individual's deliberate, voluntary decision to participate in research, based on the researcher's description of what will be required during such participation

internal validity

the degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables

interrater reliability

the degree to which different observers agree on their observations

meta-analysis

a set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining the results of individual studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of particular effects

mundane realism

the degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world

qualitative research

the collection of data through open-ended responses, observation, and interviews

quantitative research

the collection of numerical data through objective testing and statistical analysis

random assignment

a method of assigning participants to the various conditions of an experiment so that each participant in the experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions

random sampling

a method of selecting participants for a study so that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being in the study

subject variable

a variable that characterizes pre-existing differences among the participants in a study

theory

an organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena

theory

an organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena

affective forecasting

the process of predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events

facial feedback hypothesis

the hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion

bask in reflected glory (BIRG)

to increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful

dialecticism

an Eastern system of thought that accepts the existence of contradictory characteristics within a single person

downward social comparison

the defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are

implicit egotism

a non conscious form of self-enhancement

overjustification effect

the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors

private self-consciousness

a personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states

public self-consciousness

a personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others

self-awareness theory

the theory that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behaviour

self-esteem

an affective component of the self, consisting of a person's positive and negative self-evaluations

self-handicapping

behaviours designed to sabotage one's own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure

self-monitoring

the tendency to change behaviour in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation

self-presentation

strategies people use to shape what others think of them

social comparison theory

the theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others

two-factor theory of emotion

the theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal

two-factor theory of emotion

the theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal

correlation coefficient

a statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables

Humans are the only animals who recognize themselves in the mirror. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

Smiling can make you feel happier. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

Sometimes the harder you try to control a thought, feeling, or behaviour, the less likely you are to succeed. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

People tend to be overly optimistic about their future. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

People oftren sabotage their own performance in order to protect their self-esteem. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

It's more adaptive to alter one's behaviour than to stay consistent from one social situation to the next. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

The impressions we form of others are influenced by superficial aspects of their appearance. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

Adaptively, people are skilled at knowing when someone is lying rather than telling the truth. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

Like social psychologists, people are sensitive to situational causes when explaining the behaviour of others. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

People are slow to change their first impressions on the basis of new information. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

The notion that we can create a "self-fulfilling prophecy" by getting others to behave in ways we expect is a myth. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

People are more accurate at judging the personality of friends and acquaintances than of strangers. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

**D** we would assume she also possesses other traits related to extroversion

To detect deception, which of the following channels of communication should you attend to? a) eye contact b) body posture c) speech pitch d) facial expression

**C** speech pitch

What does the study of social perception address? a) how people explain their own behaviour b) how people form impressions of others c) the strategies people use to create a positive self-image d) the way we compare ourselves to others

**B** how people form impressions of others

**B** high in distinctiveness

**D** people's tendency to interpret, create, and seek information in ways that support existing beliefs

**B** both illustrated how subordinate goals can reduce prejudice

**D** realistic conflict theory

Why do ingroup members often display the outgroup homogeneity effect? a) because ingroups and outgroups must compete for shared resources b) because they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup c) because they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group d) because they usually encounter the more typical members of the outgroup

**B** because they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup

**A** an illusory correlation

Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. Which of the following methods should she use in her research? a) she should use a Likert scale because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects as other methods b) she should use a Bogus Pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects as other methods. c) she should use a behaviour measure because it shows the attitude more clearly than other measures d) she should use a facial electromyograph because is shows the attitude more clearly than other methods

**B** she should use a Bogus Pipleine

The affective component of the self is a) self-concept b) self-presentation c) self-esteem d) self perception

**C** self-esteem

Self-handicapping is a strategy that some people use to protect their self-esteem by a) creating an expectation of success b) creaeting an opportunity for success c) purposely setting themselves up for failure so that they can provide an excuse for their anticipated failure d) refusing to cheat on a test when others do

**C** purposely setting themselves up for failure so that they can provide an excuse for their anticipated failure

**D** both A and B are accurate

In contrast to individuals from Western cultures, those from collectivist cultures define themselves primarily in terms of a) personal abilities b) personal values c) relationships with people, groups, and institutions d) ) educational and career goals

**C** relationships with people, groups, and institutions

Compared with high self-monitors, low self-monitors tend to a) be good at impression management b) act consistently across situations c) be less vulnerable to self-deception d) conform to social norms

**B** act consistently across situations

**C** norms vary from culture to culture with regard to eye contact during conversations

**C** distinctiveness

John thinks that cohabitation is very common now. His opinion is based on recalling that a number of the couples he knows have recently moved in together. This is asn example of the a) false consensus effect b) illusory correlation c) representativeness heuristic d) availability heuristic

**D** availability heuristic

**B** people attribute dispositional factors as the cause of other people's behaviour and attribute situational factors as the cause of their own behaviour

The implicit personality theories that we hold about others are a) based on our analysis of people's central traits b) the result of careful analysis of people's characteristics c) the result of unstated assumptions about people's characteristics d) based on atrributional biases

**C** the results of unstated assumptions about people's characteristics

**D** when the attitude is strongly held

**B** the credibility of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasioin

**A** Her attitude will change overtime in the direction advocated by the speaker

**C** insufficient justification

The foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, low-balling, and that's-not-all techniques of compliance are similar in that they all involve a) a small request followed by a large request b) two steps c) the norm of reciprocity d) the norm of concession

**A** a small request followed by a large request

All of Jane's friends said the final exam was difficult, but Jane thought the exam was easy. However, when asked what she thought of the exam, Jane said the exam was difficult, Jane's behaviour was an example of a) informational influence b) normative influence c) private conformity d) public compliance

**B** normative influence

Minority influence is more likely to be effective if the minority a) appeals to the majority's emotions b) presents its views consistently c) consists of only one person d) agrees with the majority at first and then presents a dissenting position

**B** presents its views consistently

The later experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram showed that the research participants were less likely to follow destructive orders when a) they were asked to deliver punishment in small increments b) they were told that they were responsible for their actions c) the person giving the orders was in a remote location d) they were told that they were responsibile for their actions *and* when the person giving the orders was in a remote location

**D** they were told that they were responsible for their actions *and* when the person giving the orders was in a remote location

Which of the following would be predicted by the social impact theory? a) each person in a group of three contributes less money for a tip to their server than each person in a group of ten b) a teacher can exert more control over a large class than a small class c) patientes are more likely to follow advice given by nurses than advice given by doctors d) a person is more likely to obey a nearby authority than one who is far away

**D** a person is more likely to obey a nearby authority than one who is far away

According to Robert Zajonc, the presence of another person a) increases arousal b) may interfere with ongoing behaviour c) increases arousal, which may facilitate or interfere with ongoing behaviour d) increases arousal and may faciliate behaviour

**C** increases arousal, which may facilitate or interfere with ongoing behaviour

Nita has just joined the rowing club, an organization that has been low in members for the last several years. Which of the following will most likely happen? a) She will assimilate into the club, making whatever changes are necessary to fit in while the club will make little accommodations. b) She will become committed to the group if the group members accept each other and the group. c) She will make changes to fit it, hoping the group will accept her as she is. d) She will rarely rely on her relationships with established members of the club.

**B** she will become committed to the group if the group members accept each other and the group

Group polarization refers to the tendency for a) group decisions to be riskier than individual group members' decisions b) group decisions to be more cautious than individual group members' decisions c) the group's position to become even riskier after group discussion if most members initially lean toward a risky position, and to become more cautious after group discussion if most members initially lean toward a cautious position d) individual group members' decisions to be more polarized after group discussion than before group discussion

**C** the group's position to become even riskier after group discussion if most members initially lean toward a risky position, and to become more cautious after group discussion if most members initially lean toward a cautious position

According to Janis (1972), what are the characteristics that contribute to the development of groupthink? a) type of leadership b) group cohesiveness c) the size of the group d) type of leadership and group cohesiveness

**D** type of leadership and group cohesiveness

The commons dilemma a) concerns dilemmas with immediate consequences b) is related to individuals' contributions to the public good c) concerns harvesting of a resource that replenishes itself d) involves the division of a public resource that does not replenish itself

**C** concerns harvesting of a resource that replensishes itself

The _____ efffect suggests that meeting a person repeatedly tends to lead to more positive evaluations of that person. a) similarity b) complementarity c) mere exposure d) proximity

**C** mere exposure

Studies of interpersonal attraction have shown that a) we often attribute negative personality characteristics to attractive people b) babies have no preferences for faces that are considered attractive by adults c) we expect nothing unusually favourable or unfavourable from physically attractive people d) we tend to attribute positive personality characteristics to attractive people

**D** we tend to attribute positive personality characteristics to attractive people

According to Thibaut and Kelley's social exchange theory, a person assesses the outcome in a relationship a) solely in terms of the difference between rewards and costs b) in comparison with that person's perception of the outcomes of other people in similar situations. c) not just in terms of rewards and costs, but also in terms of whether or not the person can get a better deal elsewhere d) in terms of how much that person has put into the relationship that is not recoverable

**C** not just in terms of rewards and costs, but also in terms of whether or not the person can get a better deal elsewhere

Which of the following is not one of Sternberg's components of love? a) passion b) attachment c) intimacy d) comittment

**B** attachment

According to the social penetration theory a) the passage of time itself creates closer friendships b) becoming good friends with a person depends on the number of different areas that the person has self-disclosed c) relationships develop as people gradually reveal moe about themselves to each other, in both breadth and depth of areas of their lives d) in a dyad, one person always reveals more personal information than the other

**C** relationships develop as people gradually reveal more about themselves to each other, in both breadth and depth of areas of their lives

At the end of the play, everyone else in the theatre stood up and applauded the performance, so did Arturo as well. What Arturo's behaviour demonstrate? a) compliance b) conformity c) obedience d) reactance

**B** conformity

When were participants likely to conform in Asch's (1951) line similarity study? a) when the correct response is ambiguous b) when they had no ally in the situation c) when they had to decide quickly d) when they had to give their opinions privately

**B** when they had no ally in the situation

Which of the following factors reduced the level of obedience in the Milgram experiment? a) conducting the experiment at a higher prestige institution b) having the experimenter stand behind the teacher c) informing the participants that the experimenter assumed responsibility for the learner's welfare d) having the learner be in the same room as the participant

**D** having the learner be in the same room as the participant

According to social impact theory, which of the following is determined by a source's proximity in time and space? a) its strength b) its immediacy c) its number d) its popularity

**B** its immediacy

Kinship selection is one main kind of helping, according to the a) arousal model b) empathy-altruism hypothesis c) negative state relief model d) evolutionary perspective

**D** evolutionary perspective

Which of the following is *not* suggested as a possible explanation for the bystander effect? a) misperceiving the emergency situation as a non-emergency b) diffusion of responsibility c) feeling incompetent to provide help d) lack of empathy for the victim

**D** lack of empathy for the victim

In which of the following situations are members of stigmatized groups who receive help most likely to feel worse about themselves? a) if the help came from a fellow in-group member b) if the help was unsolicited c) if the help was altruistic in nature d) if the help was anonymous

**B** if the help was unsolicited

Which of the following is a factor in determining who will or will not be helped? a) physical attractiveness of the beneficiary b) attributions of the helper about the person in need c) perceived simialrity between the helper and the beneficiary d) all of the above

**D** all of the above

According to the arousal cost-reward model of helping, people tend to help the victim when a) it is easy to escape the situation b) their state of arousal is high and it is difficult to escape the situation c) the potential rewards to the victim outweigh potential costs to the victim d) their state of arousal is low

**C** the potential rewards to the victim outweigh potential costs to the victim

Emotional aggression and instrumental aggression are different in that a) emotional aggression involves only emotional harm, whereas instrumental aggression involves physical harm b) instrumental aggression occurs when an individual uses an instrument to inflict the harm or injury c) instrumental aggression is a means to an end, whereas emotional aggression is inflicting harm for its own sake d) emotional aggression is based on instincts, whereas instrumental aggression is based on classical conditioning

**C** instrumental aggression is a measn to an end, whereas emotional aggression is inflicting harm for its own sake

When Mina first started playing a new video game, the extremely violent images made her cringe. Now she has played the game so many times that she barely even notices such images. What concept does this example illustrate? a) displacement b) cultivation c) habituation d) catharsis

**C** habituation

In a revision of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, Berkowitz has theorized that a) aggression is a frequent cause of frustration b) negative feelings trigger aggression, and frustration is only one of many experiences that can produce negative feelings c) frustration triggers negative feelings d) every instance of aggression is preceded by some sort of frustration

**B** negative feelings trigger aggression, and frustration is only one of many experiences that can produce negative feelings

Which of the following statements is true of social models? a) people can develop positive attitudes and beliefes about aggression from aggressive social models b) people can learn specific aggressive behaviours from an aggressive social model c) people can imitate a model's aggressive behaviour, especially if the model's behaviour is not punished d) all of the above are true

**D** all of the above are true

The process by which arousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individual's emotional response to another stimulus is called a) catharsis b) excitation transfer c) the frustration-aggression hypothesis d) the arousal-affect model

**B** excitation transfer

People are more likely to help someone in an emergency if the potential rewards seem high and the potential costs seem low. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

In an emergency, a person who needs help has a much better chance of getting it if three other people are present than if only one other person is present. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE** In several ways, the presence of others inhibits helping.

People are much more likely to help someone when they are in a good mood. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

People are much less likely to help someone when they're in a bad mood. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

Attractive people have a better chance than unattractive people of getting help when they need it. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

In any situation, people are more likely to help a friend succeed than a stranger. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

Women seek help more often than men do. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

In virtually every culture, males are more violent than females. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

For virtually any category of aggression, males are more aggressive than females. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

Children who are spanked or otherwise physically disciplined (but not abused) for behaving aggressively tend to become less aggressive. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

Blowing off steam by engaging in safe but aggressive activities (such as sports) makes people less likely to aggress later. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE**

Exposure to TV violence in childhood is related to aggression later in life. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**TRUE**

Men are much more likely than women to aggress against their spouses or partners. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE** Some evidence suggests that women engage in more actos of serious aggression against their partneres than men do; but men are much more likely to injure, sexually abuse, or kill their partners.

Adults who as children were abused by their parents are less likely to inflict abuse on their own children than are other adults. **TRUE** or **FALSE**

**FALSE** Although most people who have experienced such abuse do break the cycle of family violence, on average they are more likely to abuse their own children than are people who have never experienced parental abuse.