Cumulative Deck Flashcards
Responses in self-reported surveys can be inaccurate because:
a) the questions may be interpreted differently across cultures or contexts
b) respondents may not remember accurately
c) respondents may not answer questions honestly
d) all of the above
D
all of the above
Two recent trends in social psychology have been a grown interest in
a) cross-cultural perspectives and social cognition
b) social motivation research and attitude research
c) sociocultural perspective and social neuroscience
d) attitude research and conformity research
C
sociocultural perspective and neuroscience
What does the study of social perception address?
a) how people explain their own behaviour
b) how people form impressions of others
c) the strategies people use to create a positive self-image
d) the way we compare ourselves to others
B
how people form impressions of others
Among the following social psychologists, who was one of the original founders of social psychology?
a) Norman Triplett
b) Stanley Milgram
c) Michael Norton
d) Philip Zimbardo
A
Norman Triplett
Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. Which of the following methods should she use in her research?
a) she should use a Likert scale because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects as other methods
b) she should use a Bogus Pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects as other methods.
c) she should use a behaviour measure because it shows the attitude more clearly than other measures
d) she should use a facial electromyograph because is shows the attitude more clearly than other methods
B
she should use a Bogus Pipleine
People oftren sabotage their own performance in order to protect their self-esteem.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Which of the following is not a characteristic of social psychology?
a) focus on societal variables, such as social class
b) focus on the individual
c) the frequent use of experimental methodology
d) interest in understanding behaviours in the social world
A
focus on societal variables, such as social class
The implicit personality theories that we hold about others are
a) based on our analysis of people’s central traits
b) the result of careful analysis of people’s characteristics
c) the result of unstated assumptions about people’s characteristics
d) based on atrributional biases
C
the results of unstated assumptions about people’s characteristics
Sometimes the harder you try to control a thought, feeling, or behaviour, the less likely you are to succeed.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
A research participant is said to have given informed consent if the participant decides to participate in a study after receiving
a) information about previous research studies
b) enough information to make an informed decision
c) a description of the purpose of the experiment
d) the guarantee of a full debriefing after the experiment
B
enough information to make an informed decision
What is the best solution to the problem of experimenter expectancy effects?
a) the use of different experimenters in different conditions
b) letting participants choose their own condition
c) keeping experimenters uninformed about group assignment
d) strict attention to random assignment
C
keeping experimenters uninformed about group assignment
In contrast to individuals from Western cultures, those from collectivist cultures define themselves primarily in terms of
a) personal abilities
b) personal values
c) relationships with people, groups, and institutions
d) ) educational and career goals
C
relationships with people, groups, and institutions
If your research question is “Does role modelling increase helping behaviour in fifth grade school children?” which of the following is the independent variable?
a) role modelling
b) helping behaviour
c) fifth grade
d) school children
A
role modelling
Self-handicapping is a strategy that some people use to protect their self-esteem by
a) creating an expectation of success
b) creaeting an opportunity for success
c) purposely setting themselves up for failure so that they can provide an excuse for their anticipated failure
d) refusing to cheat on a test when others do
C
purposely setting themselves up for failure so that they can provide an excuse for their anticipated failure
Why do ingroup members often display the outgroup homogeneity effect?
a) because ingroups and outgroups must compete for shared resources
b) because they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup
c) because they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group
d) because they usually encounter the more typical members of the outgroup
B
because they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup
People are slow to change their first impressions on the basis of new information.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
In order to conduct an experiment, which of the following must researchers have?
a) the ability to observe behaviour unnoticed
b) the ability to systematically measure two variables
c) the ability to manipulate an independent variable
d) a laboratory environment
C
the ability to manipulate an independent variable
Cross-cultural research indicates that most North Americans are more likely than most Asians to do which of the following?
a) perceive themselves as unique
b) assume blame for failures
c) strive for community belonging
d) alter their perceptions of others
A
perceive themselves as unique
John thinks that cohabitation is very common now. His opinion is based on recalling that a number of the couples he knows have recently moved in together. This is asn example of the
a) false consensus effect
b) illusory correlation
c) representativeness heuristic
d) availability heuristic
D
availability heuristic
Joan gets annoyed when she burns her dinner, when she switches to the wrong channel on the television, or when she only gets a B on her social psychology exam. According to the covariation model, Joan’s annoyance has low
a) consistency
b) consensus
c) distinctiveness
d) attribution
C
distinctiveness
To learn about human behaviour, which of the following does social psychology rely on the most heavily?
a) critical analysis to develop general principles that describe human behaviour
b) the assumption that only social factors influence human behaviour
c) the scientific method to learn about human behaviour
d) cultural analysis to learn about human behaviour
C
the scientific method to learn about human behaviour
Humans are the only animals who recognize themselves in the mirror.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
Compared with high self-monitors, low self-monitors tend to
a) be good at impression management
b) act consistently across situations
c) be less vulnerable to self-deception
d) conform to social norms
B
act consistently across situations
To detect deception, which of the following channels of communication should you attend to?
a) eye contact
b) body posture
c) speech pitch
d) facial expression
C
speech pitch
Like social psychologists, people are sensitive to situational causes when explaining the behaviour of others.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
Adaptively, people are skilled at knowing when someone is lying rather than telling the truth.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
Internal validity refers to the extent to which
a) the results of the research study apply to different populations
b) the variables measure what they are purposed to measure
c) the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable
d) the results of the research study have statistical significance
C
the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable
In the social comparison theory as proposed by Festinger in 1954,
a) people are motivated to evaluate their opinions, feelings, and abilities.
b) people will evaluate themselves in comparison with others, especially in the absence of objective bases of evaluation
c) people always compare themselves with other people whom they admire
d) both a and b are accurate
D
both A and B are accurate
A social psychology graduate student who works long hours for little pay becomes increasingly convinced that she loves social psychology. What is the most likely cause of this student’s attitude toward her chosen field of study?
a) psychological reactance
b) self-affirmation
c) insufficient justification
d) insufficient deterrence
C
insufficient justification
Smiling can make you feel happier.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
The notion that we can create a “self-fulfilling prophecy” by getting others to behave in ways we expect is a myth.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
Hope read a persuasive message written by a source whom she considered incompetent and untrustworthy. According to the sleeper effect, what effect will that message most likely have on her attitude over time?
a) Her attitude will change overtime in the direction advocated by the speaker.
b) Her agreement with the attitudinal message will first increase, and then decrease over time.
c) Her agreement with the attitudinal message will in the opposite direction than that advocated by the speaker.
d) Her agreement with the attitudinal message will decrease over time.
A
Her attitude will change overtime in the direction advocated by the speaker
Jasper is feeling guilty and ashamed because he did not help his mother paint the house. Jasper is most likely suffering from a discrepancy between what two aspects of the self?
a) the ideal self and the ought self
b) the ideal self and the actual self
c) the ought self and the actual self
d) the actual self and the real self
C
the ought self and the actual self
For social psychology, the 1960s and early 1970s was a period of
a) confidence and crisis
b) stability and maturity
c) pluralism and development
d) infancy and maturation
A
confidence and crisis
Which of the following distinguishes correlational research from experimental research?
a) correlational research uses random assignment of research participants
b) No attempt is made to systematically manipulate one or more variables in correlational research.
c) Correlational research can be used to study social attitudes.
d) The findings from correlational research can demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships among variables
B
no attempt is made to systematically manipulate one or more variables in correlational research
What is self-esteem?
a) It is a constructed cognitive component of the self-concept
b) it is an overall evaluation based in part, on success and failure
c) it is a large knowledge-base about the self
d) it is a trait that is stable, varying across the lifespan
B
it is an overall evaluation based in part, on success and failure
What is construct validty?
a) the extent to which the independent variable caused the observed change to the dependent variable
b) the extent to which the operational definitions reflect the conceptual variables of interest
c) the extent to which the experimental procedures are involving and meaningful to the participants
d) the extent to which different constructs within the study are correlated with one another
B
the extent to which the operational definitions reflect the conceptual variables of interest
What do social psychologists use descriptive research to reveal?
a) general patterns and trends in the variables of interest
b) cause-and-effect relationships between independent and dependent variables
c) associations between two or more variables of interest
d) the strength of an observed effect
A
general patterns and trends in the variables of interest
Which of the following is not true of social psychology in Canada?
a) Social psychology in Canada began in the 1910s.
b) Researchers from both Canada and the United States have dominated social psychology throughout most of its history
c) Most of the Canadian social psychological research differs little from research conducted in the United States
d) Canadian social psychologists have become world leaders in domains that are particularly relevant to Canadian society.
B
researchers from both Canada and the United states have dominated social psychology throughout most of its history
Helene is schematic concerning honesty. Which of the following statements best describes Helene?
a) She is likely to see honesty as important only some of the time.
b) She is likely to consider honesty a central part of her self-concept.
c) She is likely to report on the dishonest behaviour of others.
d) She is likely to be more concerned about appearing honest than most people.
B
she is likely to consider honesty a central part of her self-conept
Social psychology
a) shows that all common sense is always accurate
b) shows that common sense is always inaccurate
c) is the scientific pursuit of common sense
d) tests the valid of and seeks to provide explanations for many common sense ideas about social behaviours
D
tests the validity of and seeks to provide explanations for many common sense ideas about social behaviours
What is the confirmation bias?
a) People’s tendencies to disagree with others whose additude differs from theirs
b) people’s tendencies to behave according to other people’s expectations
c) people’s tendency to interpret earlier information to make it more consistent with subsequent information
d) people’s tendency to interpret, create, and seek information in ways that support existing beliefs
D
people’s tendency to interpret, create, and seek information in ways that support existing beliefs
According to explicit personality theories, which of the following would be most likely if Yael is an extrovert?
a) We would be less likely to form an overall positive impression of her.
b) We would be more likely to form an overall positive impression of her.
c) We would look for situations in which one ought to be extroverted.
d) We would assume she also possesses other traits related to extroversion.
D
we would assume she also possesses other traits related to extroversion
People are more accurate at judging the personality of friends and acquaintances than of strangers.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
The affective component of the self is
a) self-concept
b) self-presentation
c) self-esteem
d) self perception
C
self-esteem
In which of the following situations will attitude-behaviour correspondence be better?
a) when the person cannot see him or herself
b) when social norms are well known
c) when the behaviour is not too highly specific
d) when the attitude is strongly held
D
when the attitude is strongly held
As personal involvement regarding an issue increases, which of the following is most likely to happen?
a) The quality of arguments become a more important determinant of persuasion.
b) The credibility of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion.
c) The attractiveness of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion.
d) The likeability of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasion.
B
the credibility of the speaker becomes a more important determinant of persuasioin
The impressions we form of others are influenced by superficial aspects of their appearance.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Although related to other fields, social psychology is distinct in that its emphasis is on which of the following?
a) describing the relationship between human behaviour and societal variables
b) understanding the influences of societal forces on group behaviour
c) identifying individual characteristics that are relatively stable over time
d) understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behaviour
D
understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behaviour
Which of the following mechanisms allow an individual to maintain a stereotype even in the face of strongly contradictory evidence?
a) an illusory correlation
b) a jigsaw classroom
c) subtyping
d) self-fulfilling prophecies
A
an illusory correlation
What does Schacter’s two-factor theory or emotion propose about emotional experience?
a) That is independent of social comparison processes
b) That it requires a combination of positive and negative physiological arousal
c) That it is independent of physiological arousal
d) That it is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal
D
that it is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal
Some people dislike immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. Which theory best explains those feelings?
a) social role theory
b) social identity theory
c) social categorization theory
d) realistic conflict theory
D
realistic conflict theory
Though she doesn’t usually watch television, Danielle never misses My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance on Monday nights. Which of the following best describes Danielle’s behaviour?
a) low in consistency
b) high in distinctiveness
c) low in consensus
d) high in covariation
B
high in distinctiveness
It’s more adaptive to alter one’s behaviour than to stay consistent from one social situation to the next.
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
How is Aronson’s jigsaw classroom work similar to Sherif’s Robber’s Cave experiment?
a) both illustrated how social roles can influence the use of stereotypes
b) both illustrated how subordinate goals can reduce prejudice
c) both illustrated how social identification with a group can increase group favouritism
d) both illustrated how overcoming feelings of relative deprivation can decrease prejudice
B
both illustrated how subordinate goals can reduce prejudice
People tend to be overly optimistic about their future.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
What is the most important feature that should be considered when selecting samples in survey studies?
a) inclusion of equal numbers of individuals from different groups in the population
b) the number of people in the sample
c) the ratio of the sample size to the population size
d) the extent to which the demographics of the sample proportionately match those of the population
D
the extent to which the demographics of the sample proportionately match those of the population
Which of the following was a key component to critiques of social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s?
a) concerns about whether participants always received ethical treatment
b) concerns over the relevance of laboratory research
c) concerns that too many research approaches were being used wtihin each area
d) concerns that too many different cultures were being studied
A
concerns about whether participants always received ethical treatment
Research on eye contact suggests that
a) frequent eye contact always signals affection and sincerity
b) children under two years old cannot follow gaze or maintain eye contact
c) norms vary from culture to culture with regard to eye contact during conversations
d) prolonged eye contact always singals confrontation
C
norms vary from culture to culture with regard to eye contact during conversations
The actor-observer effect and the fundamental attribution error are different in that in the actor-observer effect
a) people exaggerate the importance of negative information and underestimate the importance of positive information
b) people attribute dispositional factors as the cause of other people’s behaviour and attribute situational factors as the cause of their own behaviour
c) people disregard the importance of personal dispositions and overestimate situational factors as the casue of other people’s behaviour
d) people exaggerate the importance of dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors as teh cause of other people’s behaviour
B
people attribute dispositional factors as the cause of other people’s behaviour and attribute situational factors as the cause of their own behaviour
interactionist perspective
an emphasis on how both an individual’s personality and environmental characteristics influence behaviour
social cognition
the study of how people perceive remember, and interpret information about themselves and others
social neuroscience
the study of the relationship between neural and social processes
behavioural genetics
a subfield of psychology that examines the role of genetic factors in behaviour
evolutionary psychology
a subfield of psychology that uses the principles of evolution to understand human social behaviour
culture
a system of enduring meanings, beliefs, values, assumptions, institutions, and practices shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
cross-cultural research
research designed to compare and contrast people of different cultures
multicultural research
research designed to examine racial and ethnic groups within cultures
social psychology
the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context
applied research
research designed to enlarge the understanding of naturally occurring events and to find solutions to practical problems
basic research
research designed to increase the understanding of human behaviour, often by testing hypotheses based on a theory
confederate
accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant
hypothesis
a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur
correlation coefficient
a statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables
correlational research
research designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher
debriefing
a disclosure, made to participant after research procedures are completed, in which the researcher explains the purpose of the research, attempts to resolve any negative feelings and em
deception
in the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants
dependent variable
in an experiment, a factor that experimenters measure to see if it is affected by the independent variable
