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Medical Terminology > Terms (Ch 5) > Flashcards

Terms (Ch 5) Flashcards

1
Q

absorption

A

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine to the bloodstream

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2
Q

amino acids

A

small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested

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3
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that digests starch; released by the pancreas and salivary glands

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4
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

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5
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from the cecum (RLQ)

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6
Q

bile

A

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules

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7
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by the liver in bile

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8
Q

bowel

A

intestine

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9
Q

canine teeth

A

pointed, dog-like teeth; next to the incisors

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10
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

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11
Q

colon

A

portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

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12
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus

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13
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces through the anus

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14
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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15
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

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16
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine (12 in. long)

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17
Q

elimination

A

removal of materials from the body; in digestive system: removal of indigestible materials as feces

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18
Q

emulsification

A

breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules (increases surface area that enzyme can access to digest the fat)

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19
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

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20
Q

enzyme

A

chemical that speeds up a reaction; in digestion: break down complex foods to simpler substances

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21
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting the throat to the stomach

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22
Q

fatty acids

A

substances produced when fats are digested

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23
Q

feces

A

solid wastes

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24
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac under the liver; stores bile

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25
glucose
simple sugar
26
glycogen
starch; glucose is stored as this in liver cells
27
hydrochloric acid
strong acid produced in stomach; aids digestion
28
ileum
third part of the small intestine
29
incisor
four front teeth
30
insulin
hormone produced by endocrine cells in pancreas; transports sugar to body cells
31
jejunum
second part of the small intestine
32
lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
33
liver
in the RUQ; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; destroys worn out RBCs; filters out toxins
34
lower esophageal sphincter
also called cardiac sphincter; ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach
35
mastication
chewing
36
molar teeth
three large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth
37
palate
roof of the mouth; hard palate= anterior to soft palate
38
pancreas
behind the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
39
papillae
small projections on the tongue; taste buds are within them
40
parotid gland
salivary gland in the cheek and anterior to the ear
41
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs; moves contents through the organ
42
pharynx
throat; passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose
43
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
44
protease
enzyme that digests protein
45
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach; near the duodenum
46
pylorus
distal region of the stomach; opening to duodenum
47
rectum
last section of the large intestine; connects end of colon to anus
48
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
49
saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains amylase
50
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
51
sigmoid colon
lower, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum
52
sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
53
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus; contain fundus, body, and antrum sections
54
triglycerides
fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids
55
uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
56
villi
microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine; absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
57
anorexia
lack of appetite; sign of malignancy or liver disease
58
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
59
borborygmi
rumbling or gurgling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in GI tract
60
constipation
difficulty in passing stool
61
diarrhea
frequent passage of loose, watery stool
62
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
63
eructation
gas expelled from stomach through the mouth
64
flatus
gas expelled through the anus
65
hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
66
jaundice
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes; due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood
67
melena
black, tarry stools; feces with digested blood
68
nausea
unpleasant sensation with a tendency to vomit
69
steatorrhea
fat in the feces
70
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores
71
dental caries
tooth decay
72
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus; cold sores
73
oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
74
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
75
achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax
76
esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of the esophagus
77
esophageal varices
swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
78
gastric cancer
malignant tumor of the stomach
79
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach; ex. heartburn
80
hernia
protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it
81
peptic ulcer
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
82
anal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
83
colonic polyps
benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
84
colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
85
Crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
86
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon
87
dysentery
painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
88
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
89
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
90
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
inflammation of the colon and small intestine; Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis
91
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
92
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
group of GI symptoms without structural abnormalities in the intestines
93
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
94
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
95
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
96
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
97
hepatocellular carcinoma
liver cancer
98
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
99
pancreatitis
inflammation ofthe pancreas
100
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

Medical Terminology (42 decks)

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