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Medical Terminology > Terms (Ch 5) > Flashcards

Terms (Ch 5) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

absorption

A

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine to the bloodstream

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2
Q

amino acids

A

small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested

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3
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that digests starch; released by the pancreas and salivary glands

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4
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

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5
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from the cecum (RLQ)

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6
Q

bile

A

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules

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7
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by the liver in bile

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8
Q

bowel

A

intestine

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9
Q

canine teeth

A

pointed, dog-like teeth; next to the incisors

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10
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

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11
Q

colon

A

portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

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12
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus

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13
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces through the anus

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14
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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15
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

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16
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine (12 in. long)

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17
Q

elimination

A

removal of materials from the body; in digestive system: removal of indigestible materials as feces

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18
Q

emulsification

A

breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules (increases surface area that enzyme can access to digest the fat)

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19
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

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20
Q

enzyme

A

chemical that speeds up a reaction; in digestion: break down complex foods to simpler substances

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21
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting the throat to the stomach

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22
Q

fatty acids

A

substances produced when fats are digested

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23
Q

feces

A

solid wastes

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24
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac under the liver; stores bile

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25
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar

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26
Q

glycogen

A

starch; glucose is stored as this in liver cells

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27
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

strong acid produced in stomach; aids digestion

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28
Q

ileum

A

third part of the small intestine

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29
Q

incisor

A

four front teeth

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30
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by endocrine cells in pancreas; transports sugar to body cells

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31
Q

jejunum

A

second part of the small intestine

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32
Q

lipase

A

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

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33
Q

liver

A

in the RUQ; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; destroys worn out RBCs; filters out toxins

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34
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

also called cardiac sphincter; ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach

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35
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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36
Q

molar teeth

A

three large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth

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37
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth; hard palate= anterior to soft palate

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38
Q

pancreas

A

behind the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes

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39
Q

papillae

A

small projections on the tongue; taste buds are within them

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40
Q

parotid gland

A

salivary gland in the cheek and anterior to the ear

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41
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs; moves contents through the organ

42
Q

pharynx

A

throat; passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose

43
Q

portal vein

A

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

44
Q

protease

A

enzyme that digests protein

45
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscle at the end of the stomach; near the duodenum

46
Q

pylorus

A

distal region of the stomach; opening to duodenum

47
Q

rectum

A

last section of the large intestine; connects end of colon to anus

48
Q

rugae

A

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

49
Q

saliva

A

digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains amylase

50
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

51
Q

sigmoid colon

A

lower, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum

52
Q

sphincter

A

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

53
Q

stomach

A

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus; contain fundus, body, and antrum sections

54
Q

triglycerides

A

fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids

55
Q

uvula

A

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

56
Q

villi

A

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine; absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream

57
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite; sign of malignancy or liver disease

58
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

59
Q

borborygmi

A

rumbling or gurgling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in GI tract

60
Q

constipation

A

difficulty in passing stool

61
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent passage of loose, watery stool

62
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

63
Q

eructation

A

gas expelled from stomach through the mouth

64
Q

flatus

A

gas expelled through the anus

65
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

66
Q

jaundice

A

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes; due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood

67
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools; feces with digested blood

68
Q

nausea

A

unpleasant sensation with a tendency to vomit

69
Q

steatorrhea

A

fat in the feces

70
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores

71
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay

72
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus; cold sores

73
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

74
Q

periodontal disease

A

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone

75
Q

achalasia

A

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax

76
Q

esophageal cancer

A

malignant tumor of the esophagus

77
Q

esophageal varices

A

swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

78
Q

gastric cancer

A

malignant tumor of the stomach

79
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach; ex. heartburn

80
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it

81
Q

peptic ulcer

A

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

82
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

83
Q

colonic polyps

A

benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

84
Q

colorectal cancer

A

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

85
Q

Crohn disease

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

86
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon

87
Q

dysentery

A

painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

88
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region

89
Q

ileus

A

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

90
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

inflammation of the colon and small intestine; Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis

91
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of the intestines

92
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

group of GI symptoms without structural abnormalities in the intestines

93
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

94
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of the intestine on itself

95
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in the gallbladder

96
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

97
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

liver cancer

98
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

malignant tumor of the pancreas

99
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation ofthe pancreas

100
Q

viral hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

Medical Terminology (42 decks)

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