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IGCSE Edexcel human biology > Term 1 Lesson 9: Kidneys > Flashcards

Term 1 Lesson 9: Kidneys Flashcards

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1
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of waste products

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2
Q

3 different excretory organs

A
  • skin - excrete carbon dioxide and sweat
  • lungs - excrete carbon dioxide and sweat
  • kidneys - urine
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3
Q

Blood needs to have the perfect amount of water, salt and other solutes. What happens if it doesn’t?

A

It bursts or shrinks

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4
Q

Role of the kidneys

A

urine = water + urea + salt

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5
Q

What system are the kidneys a part of?

A

urinary system

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6
Q

What muscles control when you urinate

A

sphincter muscles

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7
Q

What product sare excreted from the body as urine

A

excess:

  • water
  • salts
  • ammonia (nitrogenous waste)
  • urea (nitrogenous waste)
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8
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Keeping the water and salt content of the internal body environment constant

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment

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10
Q

Urine

A
  • Fluid stored in the bladder and discharged through the urethra.
  • Composed of mainly water, salts and nitrogenous waste products.
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11
Q

what hormone is osmeoregulation controlled by?

A

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone).

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12
Q

Where is ADH is produced?

A

pituitary gland

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13
Q

What does ADH do?

A

tells your kidneys to absorb water back into the blood.

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14
Q

Label 1

A

glomerulus

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15
Q

Label 2

A

Bowmans capsule

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16
Q

Label 3

A

collecting duct

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17
Q

Label 4

A

First convilated tubule

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18
Q

Label 5

A

Loop of henle

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19
Q

Label 6

A

Descending limb

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20
Q

Label 7

A

Ascending limb

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21
Q

Label 8

A

Distal convulet tubule

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22
Q

Glomerulus

A

Ball of capillaries nestled in the Bowmans capsule

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23
Q

How does the kidney produce urine in the nephron?

A
  1. Blood enters the nephron from the renal artery into the glomerulus. This is a ball of capillaries nestled inside the Bowman’s capsule.

2.Because the blood was squeezed into this ball of capillaries it has high pressure. Small molecules (glucose, salts, urea and water) from the blood plasma are forced through the capillary wall and another barrier called the basement membrane. This is called ultrafiltration. They enter the Bowman’s capsule. This fluid is now called glomerular filtrate. The large molecules that could not fit through continue out of the glomerulus staying in a blood vessel that is always touching the nephron.

  1. Glomerular filtrate moves along the nephron to the proximal convoluted tubule. Here glucose is reabsorbed back into the blood. Glucose is needed by the body. We don’t want to waste it in urine. If you do have glucose in your urine something is wrong. Notice in the diagram how the proximal convoluted tubule is touching the blood vessel? This is where it can pass into the blood by active transport (because there is more glucose in the nephron than the blood).
  2. The glomerular filtrate carries on to the distal convoluted tubule. The levels of salt need to be just right to keep our blood cells from shrinking or bursting. If the blood needs more salt it will be reabsorbed from here (notice again the blood vessel touching the tubule). Excess salt will stay in theglomerular filtrate. This happens by active transport.
  3. Glomerular filtrate moves on to the collecting duct. The levels of water also need to be just right for blood cells. If blood water content is low water is absorbed into the blood by osmosis. If water content is high excess water is remains in the nephron. Balancing blood water and salt content is called selective reabsorption because the kidney can choose whether they’re reabsorbed into the blood.
  4. You now have urine. It is released from the nephron containing salts, urea and excess water.
  5. Clean filtered blood carries on to the renal vein to be transported around the body.
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24
Q

Label 4

A

cortex - The outer edge of the kidney.

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25
Q

Label 6

A

medulla - inner portion of kidney that contains many pyramids with millions of nephrons

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26
Q

Label 5

A

Renal pelvis - collecting ducts release urine into a space called the pelvis.
The pelvis is connected to the ureter

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27
Q

Label 1

A

Ureter - carries urine to bladder

28
Q

Urethra

A

carries urine from bladder to outside the body.

29
Q

Explain why it is important that glucose moves back into the bloodstream during selective reabsorption?

A

Glucose is used to release energy during respiration, so we do not need it to be secreted.

30
Q

How many nephrons are in the kidneys

A

millions

31
Q

Where is urea produced

A

in the liver and is a break down of amino acids

32
Q

Some substances are absorbed back into the blood through the wall of the nephron tubule.

What is the name of this process?

A

selective reabsoreabsorption

33
Q

Renal artery

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys

34
Q

Renal vein

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the kidneys

35
Q

What do the components that pass into the nephron have in common?

A
  • all small enough to pass through the membrane.
36
Q

Name the fluid that travels from A to B

A

urine

37
Q

Explain what happens to glucose in the nephron tubule.

A

selectively reabsorbed in the proximal convulated tubule as glusocse is used to release energy in respiration.

38
Q

Role of the bladder

A

store urine

39
Q

The reabsorption of 2 substances is tightly controlled depending on the body’s needs.

Name these 2 substances.

A
  1. water
  2. ions
40
Q

What process happens in the 1st convulated tubule.

A

selective reabsorption (Of glucose)

41
Q

What substances are filtered out of the blood into the nephron.

A
  1. water
  2. glucose
  3. urea
  4. minerals
42
Q

Explain why red blood cells and proteins remain in the blood.

A

They are too large to cross the membrane into the bowman’s capsule.

43
Q

State part of the nephron were filtration occurs?

A

Bowmans capsule

44
Q

By what process is glucose reabsorbed into the blood?

A

active transport

45
Q

Where does water reabsorption first take place in the nephron?

A

Loop of henle

46
Q

By what process is water reabsorbed?

A

Osmosis

47
Q

Which molecules are present in the collecting duct of the nephron?

A
  1. water
  2. urea
48
Q

What process occurs in the collectIng duct?

A

selective reabsorption of water and sending urine to the ureter.

49
Q

Blood enters the {{c1::bowman’s}} capsule via a network of capillaries called the {{c2::glomerulus}}. Smaller molecules like {{c3::urea, glucose}} and {{c3:water:}} are filtered out of the blood and into the {{c4::Bowman’s}} capsule of the nephron. {{c5::Larger}} molecules such as {{c6::red blood cells}} and {{c6::proteins}} remain in the blood in the {{c7::glomerulus

Water, urea and {{c8::glucose}} enter the {{c9::1st convoluted tubule}} where selective {{c10::reabsorption}} occurs. In the 1st convulated tubule {{c11::glucose}} is selctively reabsorped into the blood. Not all the water is reabsorbed in the Loop of Henle and the remaining urea and {{c12::water}} now enters the {{c13::collecting duct}}. Excess water leaves collecting duct as urine into the {{c14::urether}} which transports it into the {{c15::bladder}} where {{c16::urine}} is stored.

A
  1. bowmans
  2. glomerulus
  3. urea, glucose
  4. water
  5. bowmans
  6. Larger
  7. Red blood cells
  8. proteins
  9. glomerulus
  10. glucose
  11. 1st convulated tubule
  12. reabsorption
  13. glucose
  14. water
  15. collecting duct
  16. urether
  17. bladder
  18. urine
50
Q

If a persons kidneys are damaged what treatment will they need ?

A

-dialysis
-transplant

51
Q

Urea

A

A waste product formed in the liver, filtered out by the kidneys.

52
Q

Ammonia

A

A toxic waste product excreted by the kidneys.

53
Q

Kidney Failure

A

Condition where the kidneys lose the ability to filter waste from the blood.

54
Q

Kidney Transplant

A

Surgical procedure to replace a damaged kidney with a healthy one from a donor.

55
Q

Organ Rejection

A

Body’s immune system attacking and damaging the transplanted kidney.

56
Q

Tissue Matching

A

Comparison of blood and tissue types between donor and recipient to minimize rejection.

57
Q

Immunosuppressant Drugs

A

Medication to suppress the immune system and reduce the risk of organ rejection.

58
Q

Bone Marrow Radiation

A

Process of temporarily reducing white blood cell production to prevent organ rejection.

59
Q

Name 3 ways we can prevent kidney rejection

A
  • tissue matching
  • immunosuppressant drugs
  • bone marrow radiation
60
Q

what is the main reason kidney transplants fail?

A

organ rejection

61
Q

Renal Dialysis Machine

A

A machine that cleans the blood, performs osmoregulation, and removes waste products like urea and ammonia while controlling factors like temperature and oxygen concentration.

62
Q

Artificial Kidney

A

Another name for the renal dialysis machine, which mimics the function of a natural kidney.

63
Q

Dialysis Solution

A

A solution of salts and water that is pumped next to the blood in the dialysis machine, allowing waste products to move out of the blood by diffusion.

64
Q

Permeable Membrane

A

A membrane, such as the visking tubing, that allows the movement of water, salt, and waste products between the blood and the dialysis solution during dialysis.

65
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of waste products from the blood into the dialysis solution through the partially permeable membrane, cleaning the blood.

66
Q

Vascular Access

A

The surgically created connection between an artery and a vein, allowing the blood to be pumped through the dialysis machine.

67
Q

Label the urinary system from top to bottom

A
  • renal vein
  • renal artery
  • kidney
  • ureter
  • bladder
  • urethra

IGCSE Edexcel human biology (46 decks)

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