Term 1 Lesson 9: Kidneys Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
What is excretion?
A
The removal of waste products
2
Q
3 different excretory organs
A
- skin - excrete carbon dioxide and sweat
- lungs - excrete carbon dioxide and sweat
- kidneys - urine
3
Q
Blood needs to have the perfect amount of water, salt and other solutes. What happens if it doesn’t?
A
It bursts or shrinks
4
Q
Role of the kidneys
A
urine = water + urea + salt
5
Q
What system are the kidneys a part of?
A
urinary system
6
Q
What muscles control when you urinate
A
sphincter muscles
7
Q
What product sare excreted from the body as urine
A
excess:
- water
- salts
- ammonia (nitrogenous waste)
- urea (nitrogenous waste)
8
Q
Osmoregulation
A
Keeping the water and salt content of the internal body environment constant
9
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintaining a constant internal environment
10
Q
Urine
A
- Fluid stored in the bladder and discharged through the urethra.
- Composed of mainly water, salts and nitrogenous waste products.
11
Q
what hormone is osmeoregulation controlled by?
A
ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone).
12
Q
Where is ADH is produced?
A
pituitary gland
13
Q
What does ADH do?
A
tells your kidneys to absorb water back into the blood.
14
Q
Label 1
A
glomerulus
15
Q
Label 2
A
Bowmans capsule
16
Q
Label 3
A
collecting duct
17
Q
Label 4
A
First convilated tubule
18
Q
Label 5
A
Loop of henle
19
Q
Label 6
A
Descending limb
20
Q
Label 7
A
Ascending limb
21
Q
Label 8
A
Distal convulet tubule
22
Q
Glomerulus
A
Ball of capillaries nestled in the Bowmans capsule
23
Q
How does the kidney produce urine in the nephron?
A
- Blood enters the nephron from the renal artery into the glomerulus. This is a ball of capillaries nestled inside the Bowman’s capsule.
2.Because the blood was squeezed into this ball of capillaries it has high pressure. Small molecules (glucose, salts, urea and water) from the blood plasma are forced through the capillary wall and another barrier called the basement membrane. This is called ultrafiltration. They enter the Bowman’s capsule. This fluid is now called glomerular filtrate. The large molecules that could not fit through continue out of the glomerulus staying in a blood vessel that is always touching the nephron.
- Glomerular filtrate moves along the nephron to the proximal convoluted tubule. Here glucose is reabsorbed back into the blood. Glucose is needed by the body. We don’t want to waste it in urine. If you do have glucose in your urine something is wrong. Notice in the diagram how the proximal convoluted tubule is touching the blood vessel? This is where it can pass into the blood by active transport (because there is more glucose in the nephron than the blood).
- The glomerular filtrate carries on to the distal convoluted tubule. The levels of salt need to be just right to keep our blood cells from shrinking or bursting. If the blood needs more salt it will be reabsorbed from here (notice again the blood vessel touching the tubule). Excess salt will stay in theglomerular filtrate. This happens by active transport.
- Glomerular filtrate moves on to the collecting duct. The levels of water also need to be just right for blood cells. If blood water content is low water is absorbed into the blood by osmosis. If water content is high excess water is remains in the nephron. Balancing blood water and salt content is called selective reabsorption because the kidney can choose whether they’re reabsorbed into the blood.
- You now have urine. It is released from the nephron containing salts, urea and excess water.
- Clean filtered blood carries on to the renal vein to be transported around the body.
24
Q
Label 4
A
cortex - The outer edge of the kidney.
25
Label 6
medulla - inner portion of kidney that contains many pyramids with millions of nephrons
26
Label 5
Renal pelvis - collecting ducts release urine into a space called the pelvis.
The pelvis is connected to the ureter
27
Label 1
Ureter - carries urine to bladder
28
Urethra
carries urine from bladder to outside the body.
29
Explain why it is important that glucose moves back into the bloodstream during selective reabsorption?
Glucose is used to release energy during respiration, so we do not need it to be secreted.
30
How many nephrons are in the kidneys
millions
31
Where is urea produced
in the liver and is a break down of amino acids
32
Some substances are absorbed back into the blood through the wall of the nephron tubule.
What is the name of this process?
selective reabsoreabsorption
33
Renal artery
supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys
34
Renal vein
Transports deoxygenated blood from the kidneys
35
What do the components that pass into the nephron have in common?
* all small enough to pass through the membrane.
36
Name the fluid that travels from A to B
urine
37
Explain what happens to glucose in the nephron tubule.
selectively reabsorbed in the proximal convulated tubule as glusocse is used to release energy in respiration.
38
Role of the bladder
store urine
39
The reabsorption of 2 substances is tightly controlled depending on the body's needs.
Name these 2 substances.
1. water
2. ions
40
What process happens in the 1st convulated tubule.
selective reabsorption (Of glucose)
41
What substances are filtered out of the blood into the nephron.
1. water
2. glucose
3. urea
4. minerals
42
Explain why red blood cells and proteins remain in the blood.
They are too large to cross the membrane into the bowman's capsule.
43
State part of the nephron were filtration occurs?
Bowmans capsule
44
By what process is glucose reabsorbed into the blood?
active transport
45
Where does water reabsorption first take place in the nephron?
Loop of henle
46
By what process is water reabsorbed?
Osmosis
47
Which molecules are present in the collecting duct of the nephron?
1. water
2. urea
48
What process occurs in the collectIng duct?
selective reabsorption of water and sending urine to the ureter.
49
Blood enters the {{c1::bowman's}} capsule via a network of capillaries called the {{c2::glomerulus}}. Smaller molecules like {{c3::urea, glucose}} and {{c3:water:}} are filtered out of the blood and into the {{c4::Bowman's}} capsule of the nephron. {{c5::Larger}} molecules such as {{c6::red blood cells}} and {{c6::proteins}} remain in the blood in the {{c7::glomerulus
Water, urea and {{c8::glucose}} enter the {{c9::1st convoluted tubule}} where selective {{c10::reabsorption}} occurs. In the 1st convulated tubule {{c11::glucose}} is selctively reabsorped into the blood. Not all the water is reabsorbed in the Loop of Henle and the remaining urea and {{c12::water}} now enters the {{c13::collecting duct}}. Excess water leaves collecting duct as urine into the {{c14::urether}} which transports it into the {{c15::bladder}} where {{c16::urine}} is stored.
1. bowmans
2. glomerulus
3. urea, glucose
4. water
5. bowmans
6. Larger
7. Red blood cells
8. proteins
9. glomerulus
10. glucose
11. 1st convulated tubule
12. reabsorption
13. glucose
14. water
15. collecting duct
16. urether
17. bladder
18. urine
50
If a persons kidneys are damaged what treatment will they need ?
-dialysis
-transplant
51
Urea
A waste product formed in the liver, filtered out by the kidneys.
52
Ammonia
A toxic waste product excreted by the kidneys.
53
Kidney Failure
Condition where the kidneys lose the ability to filter waste from the blood.
54
Kidney Transplant
Surgical procedure to replace a damaged kidney with a healthy one from a donor.
55
Organ Rejection
Body's immune system attacking and damaging the transplanted kidney.
56
Tissue Matching
Comparison of blood and tissue types between donor and recipient to minimize rejection.
57
Immunosuppressant Drugs
Medication to suppress the immune system and reduce the risk of organ rejection.
58
Bone Marrow Radiation
Process of temporarily reducing white blood cell production to prevent organ rejection.
59
Name 3 ways we can prevent kidney rejection
- tissue matching
- immunosuppressant drugs
- bone marrow radiation
60
what is the main reason kidney transplants fail?
organ rejection
61
Renal Dialysis Machine
A machine that cleans the blood, performs osmoregulation, and removes waste products like urea and ammonia while controlling factors like temperature and oxygen concentration.
62
Artificial Kidney
Another name for the renal dialysis machine, which mimics the function of a natural kidney.
63
Dialysis Solution
A solution of salts and water that is pumped next to the blood in the dialysis machine, allowing waste products to move out of the blood by diffusion.
64
Permeable Membrane
A membrane, such as the visking tubing, that allows the movement of water, salt, and waste products between the blood and the dialysis solution during dialysis.
65
Diffusion
The movement of waste products from the blood into the dialysis solution through the partially permeable membrane, cleaning the blood.
66
Vascular Access
The surgically created connection between an artery and a vein, allowing the blood to be pumped through the dialysis machine.
67
Label the urinary system from top to bottom
* renal vein
* renal artery
* kidney
* ureter
* bladder
* urethra
