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IGCSE Edexcel human biology > Term 1 Lesson 8: Hormones > Flashcards

Term 1 Lesson 8: Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers made in the endocrine glands.

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2
Q

What system does the glands and hormone make up?

A

The endocrine system

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3
Q

How do hormones travel through the body?

A

Through the bloodstream in the blood plasma

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4
Q

Fill the blanks:

Hormones travel quite _________________________ and have __________________ lasting effects. They only affect ________________________________ and _____________________.

This means the hormone will only act on areas of the body that it is required to.

A
  1. slowly
  2. long
  3. target cells
  4. organs
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5
Q

What is the target cell or organ covered in.

A

Hormone receptors which recognise the hormone.

  • Hormones will only affect cells or organs that have a matching hormone receptor.
  • The hormone receptors sit on the cell membrane, nucleus or in the cytoplasm of a target cell
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6
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine?

A
  • Endcorine secrete hormones without ducts - pitunitary, adrenal, thyroid
  • Exocrine secrete hormones through ducts - sweat, mammary, salivary glands
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7
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • Produce from the pituitary gland
  • Allows a baby to be made.
  • Stimulates the development of an egg in the ovary in
    females.
    Triggers sperm production in males.
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8
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • produce from pituitary gland
  • Targets the ovaries and testes - allows a baby to be made
  • Stimulates egg to be released in females.
  • Male secondary sexual characteristics.
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9
Q

Adrenaline

A
  • produce in Adrenal glands
  • Fight Increases heart rate & blood glucose (sugar).
  • Fight or flight’ response used when in a dangerous or stressful situation.
  • Tells the liver to release glucose which is used to make energy (ATP) by respiration.
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10
Q

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Controls amount of water in the blood.
  • Increases permeability of kidney tubules.
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11
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Testes
  • Main male sex hormone
  • Promotes male secondary characteristics.
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12
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Ovaries
  • Supports pregnancy
  • Maintains lining of the uterus.
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13
Q

Oestrogen

A
  • Ovaries
  • Main female sex hormone
  • Controls menstrual cycle and promotes female secondary characteristics.
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14
Q

Growth hormone

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Speeds growth & development in children.
  • Increases cell division by mitosis.
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15
Q

Insulin

A
  • Pancreas
  • Helps control blood sugar levels (very important for people with diabetes)
  • Stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage (lowers blood glucose).
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16
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Pancreas
  • Helps control blood sugar levels
  • Makes the liver turn glycogen into glucose to release into the blood (raises blood glucose).
17
Q

Thyroxine

A
  • Thyroid (in throat in front of windpipe/trachea)
  • Controls metabolism
  • Controls rate with which chemical reactions take place
18
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland?

A

Endocrine

19
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland release.

A

thyroxine

20
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

increases basal metabolic rate (BMR).

21
Q

When a persons metabolic rate drops what happens?

A

The hypothalamus secretes a hormone called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

22
Q

When the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothamalus then what happens?

A

It travels to the pituitary where it stimulates the release of another hormone called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

This moves through the bloodstream to the thyroid which releases thyroxine. This hormone increases the BMR back to normal. It also turns off the production of TSH
and TRH which in turn stops thyroxine production.

23
Q

What is negative feeback?

A

A mechanism where changes to conditions cause an action to reverse the change, to keep conditions stable.

An example of negative feedback is the control of body temperature. If the body gets too hot, it begins to sweat to try to reduce the temperature. If the body gets too cold, it begins to shiver to try to raise the temperature. The glucose concentration in the blood is also controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
24
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • Targets the thyroid gland.
  • Stimulates the production of thyroid hormones for regulating metabolism
25
Q

True or false. Controlling basal metabolic rate is an example of negative feedback.

A

True

26
Q

1

A

Hypothamalus

27
Q

2

A

pituitary

28
Q

3

A

thyroid

29
Q

6

A

Adrenal glands

30
Q

7

A

Ovaries (female)

31
Q

8

A

pancreas

32
Q

9

A

testes (male)

IGCSE Edexcel human biology (46 decks)

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