T4 Lesson 6 - Fertility, pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding Flashcards
Describe the three stages of birth.
**1.Dilation of the cervix - The cervix is at the entrance of the uterus. It widens so the baby can get through. Uterine muscles contract to tear the amnion so the amniotic fluid escapes(waters break).
2 Delivery of the baby - Uterine muscles contract strongly to push baby through the cervix and vagina.
- Delivery of the afterbirth - Uterine muscles push out placenta and amnion membranes.
The three stages of birth are crucial for the safe delivery of the baby
How does breastfeeding provide passive immunity to infants?
Breast milk provides antibodies for passive immunity, helping the infant fight infections.
Breast milk contains antibodies that are transferred from the mother to
Define passive immunity and provide an example.
Passive immunity is when the body is directly given antibodies. An example is breastfeeding.
Do babies solely rely on breast milk for nutrition?
Yes, babies can survive purely on breast milk for many months before starting semi-solid foods.
Yes, breast milk provides all the necessary nutrients for a baby’s growt
Describe the role of prolactin and oxytocin in breastfeeding.
- Prolactin causes mammary glands to produce milk
- oxytocin signals the release of milk.
How does active immunity differ from passive immunity?
Active immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies, while passive immunity involves receiving antibodies directly.
What are the benefits of breastfeeding for infants?
Breast milk is:
* easily digested
* provides antibodies for fighting infection
* enhances the bond between mother and child.
Define active immunity and provide an example.
Active immunity is when the body is trained to produce its own antibodies. An example is vaccination.
Describe the difference between Injection 1 and Injection 2 in terms of the type of immunity provided.
Injection 1 provides passive immunity, while Injection 2 provides active immunity.
What happens to the number of antibodies over time in Injection 1 and Injection 2?
In Injection 1, the number of antibodies increases dramatically very quickly but decreases to zero over time. In Injection 2, the number of antibodies will decrease but not reach zero, and if reinfection occurs, these numbers will increase.
How does the duration of immunity differ between Injection 1 and Injection 2?
Injection 1 provides short-term immunity, while Injection 2 provides longer-lasting immunity.
the process of embryo development after fertilization.
After fertilization:
* the zygote embeds the endometrium
* it divides by mitosis to become an embryo, which then becomes more complex and is called a fetus.
What is the function of the placenta in pregnancy?
The placenta allows for:
* the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products like CO2 and urea between the mother and fetus’ blood
* keeps the embryo positioned correctly.
How is the embryo protected in the womb?
An amnion membrane forms around the embryo, filled with amniotic fluid to protect against bumps.
Define the umbilical cord and its role in pregnancy.
The umbilical cord attaches the placenta to the embryo and allows for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother and fetus’ blood.
What is the purpose of the amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
The amniotic fluid protects the embryo against bumps and provides a cushioning effect.
Describe the role of the umbilical artery and vein in pregnancy.
The umbilical artery and vein pass through the umbilical cord, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and gases between the mother and fetus’ blood by diffusion.
What is the function of the chorionic villi (placental villi) in pregnancy?
Chorionic villi have a high surface area and are thin to increase the diffusion rate of nutrients and gases between the mother and fetus’ blood.
How do the umbilical artery and vein differ from typical arteries and veins?
Arteries normally carry oxygenated blood, but the pulmonary artery and umbilical artery carry deoxygenated. Veins normally carry deoxygenated blood, but the pulmonary vein and umbilical vein carry oxygenated.
Describe the role of the amnion membrane in pregnancy.
The amnion membrane forms around the embryo and is filled with amniotic fluid to protect the embryo against bumps.
How does the placenta facilitate the exchange of nutrients and gases between the mother and fetus’ blood?
The placenta moves blood from the umbilical artery and vein into chorionic villi, which have a high surface area and are thin to increase the diffusion rate.
