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IGCSE Edexcel human biology > T2 Lesson 2: Blood > Flashcards

T2 Lesson 2: Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Label parts 1-4 of the red blood cell.

A

1.Platelets
2.Red blood cells
3.Plasma
4.White blood cells

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2
Q

Name the 4 components that blood is made from.

A
  • plasma
  • platelets
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
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3
Q

Why are red blood cells shaped like a donut?

A
  • large surface area for absorbing and releasing oxygen
  • No nucleus so makes space for haemoglobin to carry more oxygen.
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4
Q

Blood is carried around in vessels. name these 3 vessels.

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
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5
Q

Where does the plasma carry the digested food products?

A

from the gut to the body cells

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6
Q

Why is your blood red?

A

because of haemoglobin that is made from iron which is why the plasma is not red but yellow.

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7
Q

What area of the body does plasma carry urea?

A

From the liver to the kidneys where it is removed by urine.

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8
Q

Where does the plasma carry the carbon dioxide?

A

from the body cells to the lungs

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9
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

The liquid in your blood that is a pale yellow colour.

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10
Q

Blood carries platelets around the body. What is the purpose of them?

A

To clot blood where needed. They make scabs and these can be inside and outside the body.

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11
Q

Blood carries products to the cells. What does it carry away?

A

Waste products such as co2

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12
Q

What is it called when the cell is not carrying oxygen?

A

deoxyhaemoglobin

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13
Q

What is the purpose of blood?

A

To transport things

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14
Q

Why do the red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells in the body?

A

For cellular respiration (breathing in the cells)

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15
Q

What is it called when the cell is carrying oxygen?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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16
Q

Name some of the digested food products that the plasma carries.

A

glucose and amino acids

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17
Q

plasma carries hormones. What do hormones do?

A

Act as chemical messengers

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18
Q

The plasma carries red blood cells. Why?

A

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells.

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19
Q

What else does plasma carry?

A
  • red & white blood cells
  • digested food products
  • carbon dioxide
  • urea
  • hormones
  • heat energy
20
Q

Why does plasma carry white blood cells?

A

To protect the body (immune system)

21
Q

What does angiotensin 2 do?

A

constricts the blood vessels increasing your blood pressure so the ACE inhibitor medicine stops the enzyme in angitoensin 1 into antgiotensin 2 - this preventing the blood pressure increasing!

22
Q

What does the ACE medication do to help with hypertension?

A

It breaks down angiotensin 1 into smaller angiotensin 2

23
Q

If you have hypertension what does the liver produce to help?

A

antiotensinogen

24
Q

To help with hypertension, what does the kidney produce and what does this do?

A

Renin which breaks down antiotensin into antiotensin I

25
Q

How do doctors treat hypertension?

A

With ACE inhibitors which is medication that influences the renin - antiotensin system and helps control and lower the blood pressure.

26
Q

How can we reduce the risk of hypertension?

A
  • Don’t drink alcohol
  • Don’t smoke
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Exercise regularly
  • Limit salt in diet
27
Q

What is considered as a healthy blood pressure?

A

ranges between 100-140 mmHg (systolic - top number)
60-90 mmHG (diastolic - bottom number)

28
Q

When the heart is relaxed what is it in? systolic or diastolic?

A

diastolic

29
Q

When the heart is contracting what is it doing?

A

pushing blood around the body (systolic)

30
Q

When measuring blood pressure what are the 2 different types of numbers that show the pressure called?

A
  • Systolic pressure (top number)
  • Diastolic pressure (bottom number)
31
Q

What can hypertension cause?

A

-** Heart attack** - lack of blood to brain, hypertension weakens vessles making them more prone to damage

-Heart failure - gradual weakening of the heart as it works too hard

-Stroke - lack of blood to brain, hypertension weakens vessles making them more prone to damage

32
Q

What is hypertension?

A

when you have high blood pressure when resting

33
Q

Name some of the things that cause the blood pressure to vary?

A

-** health** - if unhealthy more chance of developing atherosclorosis which cause high blood pressure.
-age - older people more at risk
-sex - being prgnant makes a female more risk of High blood pressure
-exercise - people who exercise tend to have lower blood pressure

34
Q

What does atherosclerosis do?

A

Blocks blood vessels which then increases a persons blood pressureas blood is forced through a smaller lumen.

35
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Build of plaque inside the artery.

36
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The measurement of force applied to the artery walls.

37
Q

What are blood clots made from?

A
  • A platelet
  • A mesh of protein called** fibrin** and other proteins called clotting factors.
38
Q

Why do platelets clot up blood?

A
  • To stop you losing too much blood
    -prevent microorganisms from entering the wound (bacteria, viruses or protoctists).
39
Q

What are platelets?

A

-small fragments of cells
-clump together to plug up damaged areas (blood clotting)

40
Q

What are the characteristics of capillaries?

A
  • carry blood close to every cell in the body so that substances can exchange.
    -supply food and oxygen and remove waste like carbon dioxide.
41
Q

Name the smallest blood vessel?

A

capillaries

42
Q

What are the characteristics of a vein?

A

-Walls not as thick because blood at lower pressure.
-Larger lumen to help blood with lower pressure flow.
-Valves keep blood moving in right direction.

43
Q

Give me some information about the arteries.

A
  • strong and elastic to cope with high pressure blood from the heart
    -walls thick compared to the size of the lumen.
44
Q

vein

A

blood vessel that carries blood to the heart

45
Q

artery

A

blood vessel that carries blood AWAY from the heart

46
Q

lumen

A

The hollow space within a blood vessel

IGCSE Edexcel human biology (46 decks)

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