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Histo > TBL 6 (Module III) > Flashcards

TBL 6 (Module III) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components (cell types) of the innate immune system?

A

Macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils

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2
Q

How do macrophages recognize bacterium?

A

Toll-like receptors

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3
Q

What are the stages of macrophage maturation?

A

HPS, CMP, progenitor cells, mono blast, monocyte, macrophage

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4
Q

Are neutrophils phagocytotic?

A

No

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5
Q

Are neutrophils antigen presenting cells?

A

No

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6
Q

What are the functions of natural killer cells?

A

NK cells: give of cytokines in response to signaling from other immune cells; also force tumor cells, virus infected cells, bacteria, parasites, fungi to commit suicide

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7
Q

What are the components of the adaptive immune system?

A

T cells, B cells and antibodies

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8
Q

What are the two structural components of antibodies?

A

Fab regions and Fc regions

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9
Q

What is the function of antibody Fab regions?

A

Antigen binding

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10
Q

What is the function of antibody Fc regions?

A

Determines class

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11
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A

Opsonization (prime phagocytes) and neutralizing (bind to an extracellular virus, prevent it from entering/replicating)

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12
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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13
Q

Where to T cells differentiate?

A

Thymus

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14
Q

What type of cell in the adaptive immune system requires an antigen-presenting cell to recognize antigens?

A

T cells

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of T cells?

A

Killer (cytotoxic) T cells, helper T cells, and regulatory T cells

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16
Q

What is the function of killer T cells?

A

Killing virally infected cells by assisted suicide

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17
Q

What cells possess major histocompatibility complex protein I (MHC I)?

A

Every nucleated cell in the body

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18
Q

What cells possess MHC II?

A

Antigen presenting cells

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19
Q

Which major histocompatibility complex protein alerts killer T cells of problems inside cells?

A

MHC I

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20
Q

Which major histocompatibility complex protein alerts helper T cells of problems outside cells?

A

MHC II

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21
Q

Where do T cells originate?

A

Bone marrow (they only differentiate in the thymus)

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22
Q

What cells are classified as lymphocytes?

A

B cells, T cells, NK cells

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23
Q

What lymphoid cells are classified as accessory cells?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells

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24
Q

What do macrophages originate from?

A

Monocytes

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25
Q

What do dendritic cells originate from?

A

Monocytes

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26
Q

What organs are primary lymphatic organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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27
Q

What organs are secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen

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28
Q

What is the origin of lymphoid stem cells?

A

Immunocompetent T cells in the thymus

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29
Q

What type of T cell loses CD8 in its maturation process?

A

Th, helper T cells

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30
Q

What type of T cell loses CD4 in its maturation process?

A

Killer T cells

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31
Q

What type(s) of epithelioreticular cell separates the thymic capsule from the cortex

A

Type I ERC

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32
Q

What type(s) of epithelioreticular cell separates the thymic cortex from the medulla?

A

Type III an type IV ERC

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33
Q

Describe the relative cellularity of the thymic medulla and cortex

A

Medulla has relatively low cellularity

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34
Q

What type(s) of ERC’s reside in the thymic cortex?

A

Type II ERC

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35
Q

What type(s) of ERC’s reside in the medulla?

A

Type V and Type VI ERC’s

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36
Q

What type of ERC is associated with Hassall’s corpuscle?

A

Type VI ERC’s

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the blood-thymic barrier?

A

To prevent antigen interference with T cell maturation

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38
Q

What are the functions of lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph, lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production, recirculation of lymphocytes

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39
Q

What are the components of the lymph node parenchyma?

A

Cortex, paracortex, medulla

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40
Q

What is lymph node stroma composed of?

A

Reticular cells and reticular fibers

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41
Q

What is contained in the lymph node cortex?

A

Lymphoid nodules (B lymphocytes), primary and secondary follicles

42
Q

What is contained in the lymph node paracortex?

A

T lymphocytes, high endothelial venules

43
Q

What is contained in the lymph node medulla?

A

Medullary cords (plasma cells)

44
Q

How do the majority of lymphocytes enter lymph nodes?

A

Through artery (not lymphatic vessel), and exit through HEV

45
Q

What part of lymph nodes contain predominantly B cells?

A

The cortex

46
Q

What are the two components of the spleen parenchyma?

A

White pulp and red pulp

47
Q

What are the contents of the spleen’s red pulp?

A

Splenic cords and sinusoids

48
Q

What are the contents of the spleen’s white pulp?

A

Central arteriole, PALS, corona, germinal center

49
Q

What is the splenic stroma comprised of?

A

Reticular cells and reticular fibers

50
Q

What is the function of the white pulp of the spleen?

A

Lymphocyte proliferation, APC’s, antibody production, and removing blood antigens

51
Q

What is the function of the red pulp of the spleen?

A

Removing blood antigens, damaged RBC’s and platelets. Additionally, retrieval of iron via macrophage phagocytosis occurs here.

52
Q

What are PALS?

A

PALS stands for periarteriolar lymphatic sheath, they consist of mature T lymphocytes that surround central arterioles

53
Q

What are splenic sinusoids responsible for?

A

Filtering RBC’s

54
Q

What surrounds sheathed arterioles in splenic red pulp?

A

Macrophages

55
Q

What types of cells exist in splenic cords?

A

Macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes

56
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A

Protein rich plasma and cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

57
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

58
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Serum lacks fibrinogen

59
Q

Define anisocytosis

A

When someone’s red blood cells are unequal sizes. Commonly seen in anemia.

60
Q

What are 2 histologic signs of anemia caused by iron deficiency?

A

Microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells

61
Q

Describe the cause and resultant symptoms of hereditary spherocytosis

A

Spectrin deficiency causes defects in membrane cytoskeleton, leading to spherical RBCs which lack central pallor

62
Q

Describe the cause and resultant symptoms of hereditary elliptocytosis

A

Defective association of spectrin subunits, defective binding of spectrin to ankyrin, or protein 4.1 defects cause oval-shaped RBCs

63
Q

What clinical features are common to both hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis?

A

Splenomegaly, anemia, jaundice

64
Q

What genetic defect causes sickle cell anemia?

A

Glutamic acid replaced by valine at 6th position on beta chain

65
Q

What are some common symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

A

Chronic hemolytic anemia, obstruction of post capillary venules

66
Q

Which leukocytes are classified as agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

67
Q

Which leukocytes are classified as Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

68
Q

Describe the nuclear appearance of granulocytes

A

Polymorphonuclear (multi lobed)

69
Q

Describe the nuclear appearance of agranulocytes

A

Mononuclear (non lobed)

70
Q

How do leukocytes exit circulation?

A

Diapedesis

71
Q

“Band cells” are immature versions of what cell?

A

Neutrophils

72
Q

Which leukocyte is associated with acute inflammatory reactions?

A

Neutrophils

73
Q

Which leukocyte contains elastase, defenses, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin and gelatinase?

A

Neutrophils

74
Q

Which leukocyte has a red colored cytoplasm?

A

Eosinophils

75
Q

What leukocyte is the primary defense against parasites?

A

Eosinophils

76
Q

What are crystalloids? What type of leukocyte are they found in?

A

Dense filamentous core of major basic proteins; eosinophils

77
Q

What is contained in eosinophil specific granules?

A

Eosinophil peroxidase, major basic protein

78
Q

Which leukocyte can cause basophils to release histamine?

A

Eosinophils (via eosinophil cationic protein)

79
Q

Which leukocyte neutralizes heparin?

A

Eosinophils (via eosinophil-derived neurotoxin)

80
Q

Which type of leukocyte increases vascular permeability?

A

Basophils

81
Q

Which type of leukocyte has a function “similar to mast cells”?

A

Basophils

82
Q

What is contained in basophil granules?

A

Heparin, chondroitin sulphate, histamine, IL4

83
Q

Which type of leukocyte has a kidney shaped nucleus?

A

Monocytes

84
Q

What would neutrophilia result in?

A

Bacterial infections

85
Q

What would eosinophilia result in?

A

Parasitic infection, some allergies

86
Q

What would lymphocytosis result in?

A

Viral infections

87
Q

What would neutropenia result in?

A

Damage to bone marrow, increased destruction of neutrophils

88
Q

What would lymphopenia result in?

A

Autoimmune diseases

89
Q

What cells have a peripheral clear area called a hyalomere?

A

Platelets

90
Q

What are the 3 types of granules contained in platelets?

A

Alpha (PDGF, fibrinogen), delta (calcium, ADP,ATP), lambda (lysosomes)

91
Q

Define thrombocytopenia

A

Reduction in platelets

92
Q

What symptoms result from thrombocytopenia?

A

Increased susceptibility to bleeding, bacteria or fungal infection

93
Q

What are 3 possible causes of thrombocytopenia?

A

Decrease in number of platelets, increased destruction of platelets, aggregation of platelets in microvasculature

94
Q

What are the 2 types of hematopoiesis?

A

Myeloid and lymphoid

95
Q

What types of cells are produced by lymphoid hematopoesis?

A

T cell and B cell

96
Q

What types of cells are produced by myeloid hematopoesis?

A

Basophils, eosinophils, megakaryocytes (becomes platelet), granulocyte/macrophage CFU, erythroid CFU

97
Q

State the order of erythropoiesis

A

Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte

98
Q

State the order of granulopoesis

A

Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte

99
Q

What dietary component is needed for DNA synthesis, and thus greatly impacts the production of RBCs?

A

Folic acid

100
Q

T-lymphocytes are most likely to undergo antigenic stimulated proliferation in what tissue?

A

Deep cortex (paracortex) of the lymph node

Histo (13 decks)

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