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Histo > TBL 12 (Module VI) > Flashcards

TBL 12 (Module VI) Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones produced by ovary

A

Estradiol, progesterone, action, relaxin, inhibin

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2
Q

Define menarche

A

Initiation of menses (~12 years)

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3
Q

Phases of ovarian cycle and when they occur

A

Follicular phase (1-14), ovulation (14-15), luteal phase (15-28)

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4
Q

Phases of uterine cycle and when they occur

A

Menstrual phase (1-5), proliferative phase (6-14), secretory phase (15-26), pre-menstrual phase (27-28)

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5
Q

Follicle stages in order

A

Primordial, primary, secondary, Graafian

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6
Q

Where do the majority of ovarian cancers arise from?

A

Germinal epithelium

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7
Q

Define corona radiata

A

1st layer of granulose cells right next to zone pellucida

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8
Q

What differentiates primary follicle from primordial?

A

Begin to see differentiation of granulose cells; fibroblasts in outermost edge

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9
Q

What differentiates a secondary follicle from primary?

A

Presence of theca interna and externa

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10
Q

What differentiates a Graafian follicle from a secondary follicle?

A

Location within the ovary; follicle will try to migrate towards the surface

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11
Q

When can follicular atresia occur?

A

Any stage of follicular development

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12
Q

Which hormones are involved in the regulation of follicle development?

A

GnRH, FSH, LH, estradiol, inhibin B

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13
Q

What hormones are produced by the developing ovarian follicle?

A

Estrogen and progesterone (in response to FSH, LH)

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14
Q

Where is GnRH synthesized? Where is it released to?

A

Neuroendocrine cell bodies in arcuate and preoptic nuclei; primary capillary plexus of median eminence

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15
Q

What happens to GnRH pulses during late follicular phase?

A

Incr. GnRH pulse frequency d/t positive feedback of estradiol on both hypothalamus and gonadotrophs of ant. pituitary

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16
Q

What happens to GnRH pulses during luteal phase?

A

Decr. GnRH pulse frequency d/t negative feedback of progesterone on both hypothalamus and gonadotrophs of ant. pituitary

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17
Q

Regulation of GnRH pulses

A

Stimulatory: Estradiol, NE
Inhibitory: Progesterone, dopamine, endorphins, melatonin, CRF

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18
Q

Where is inhibin B secreted from? Describe its effect.

A

Granulosa cells (of follicle); selectively decr. FSH secretion, causing LH surge, and high occupancy of LH receptors, which leads to suppression of LH-induced synthesis of androgen precursors, and therefor decr. estradiol synthesis

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19
Q

Where is inhibin A secreted from? Describe its effect.

A

Granulosa lutein cells; decr. secretion of both FSH and LH

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20
Q

Follicular FSH target

A

Granulosa cells (only of primary follicle, not primordial)

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21
Q

Aromatase function

A

Convert androgens to estradiol

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22
Q

Follicular LH target

A

Theca and granulosa cells

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23
Q

Describe the “LH surge” and when it occurs

A

In late follicular phase, high occupancy of LH receptors (induced by FSH) on theca cells by LH blocks the androgen precursors needed for estradiol synthesis

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24
Q

Effects of LH surge (5)

A

Incr. GnRH pulse freq.; incr. responsiveness of gonadotrophs to GnRH; luteinization of granulosa cells (thus incr. progesterone prod.); oocyte completes 1st meiotic division; activation of proteolytic enzymes which degrade follicular wall to create “stigma” (through which Graafian follicle will burst

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25
Q

Why does LH “come down” in late luteal phase? What is the result of this?

A

Negative feedback of progesterone: progesterone from corpus lute feeds back to decrease GnRH, also down regulating GnRH receptors on gonadotrophs, causing decreased LH. As a result corpus lute becomes the corpus albicans.

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26
Q

What is responsible for “rescuing” the corpus luteum?

A

hCG from implanting blastocyst

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27
Q

What hormone is hCG similar to?

A

LH

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28
Q

From what structure do ovarian cysts originate?

A

Graafian follicles

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29
Q

Describe the hormonal changes associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

Elevated androgens and LH but decreased FSH

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30
Q

What are the possible sites that ovarian tumors originate from?

A

Surface epithelium, oocytes, follicular cells or stromal cells

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31
Q

What hormones are decreased in menopause? What are the associated symptoms, and which deficiency is to blame?

A

Progesterone, estrogen, inhibin; estrogen, causing bone loss, hot flashes, increased risk for coronary artery disease

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32
Q

One possible treatment for menopause

A

Estrogen, progesterone replacement therapy to counteract symptoms

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33
Q

3 layers of oviduct

A

Mucosa, muscularis, serosa/adventitia

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34
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Ampulla

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35
Q

Which oocyte structure contains receptors for sperm?

A

Zona pellucida

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36
Q

What process precipitates formation of the 2nd polar body?

A

Sperm nuclei entering oocyte, which triggers completion of meiosis II

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37
Q

What process prevents polyspermia?

A

Cortical reaction

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38
Q

Describe the acrosome reaction

A

Enzymes associated with acrosome digest path through zona pellucida

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39
Q

Acanthosis nigricans

A

Insulin resistance

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40
Q

3 layers of uterus (incl. cell type)

A

Endometrium (simple columnar epi), myometrium (muscularis), perimetrium (serosa/adventitia)

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41
Q

Describe the composition of the myometrium

A

Bundles of smooth m. interlaced with collagen fibers

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42
Q

What is the stratum vasculare?

A

Middle circular and thickest of the 3 layers of the myometrium, contains arcuate arteries

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43
Q

Where are arcuate arteries found in the uterus?

A

Stratum vasculare

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44
Q

Hormones that affect uterus and their function

A

Estrogen (proliferation, maintains/increases contractility, formation of gap junctions), progesterone (decr. contractility), relaxin (inhibits contractions), oxytocin (stimulates contractions)

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45
Q

Name the layers of the endometrium. Which grows and is lost with each cycle?

A

Stratum basale, stratum functionale; stratum functionale

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46
Q

Describe cervix at time of ovulation

A

Glands here secrete watery mucus that facilitates entry of sperm

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47
Q

Describe cervix at times other than ovulation

A

Glands here secrete viscous mucus that prevents entry of sperm and other microorganisms

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48
Q

Where are nabothian cysts found?

A

Transition zone between simple columnar epithelium and stratified squamous at external os of cervix; caused by mucus retention in gland as squamous epithelium grows over mucus-secreting columnar epithelium

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49
Q

What area is sampled by a pap smear?

A

Transition zone between simple columnar epithelium and stratified squamous at external os of cervix

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50
Q

Hormones that affect cervix and their function

A

Estrogen (induces watery mucus), progesterone (indices viscous mucus) and relaxin (softens cervix at parturition by breakdown of collagen fibers; produced by corpus lute and placenta

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51
Q

Layers of the vagina

A

Mucosa (stratified squamous epi, lamina propria), muscularis (bilayer; thinner inner circular and thicker outer longitudinal), adventitia/serosa (dense fibroelastic CT)

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52
Q

Hormones that affect vagina and their function

A

Estrogen (maintains thickness and stimulates production of glycogen which is converted tot lactic acid by vaginal flora to maintain acidic pH) and progesterone (decr. proliferation and increases differentiation)

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53
Q

Endometriosis cause and symptoms

A

Uterine endometrial tissue undergoes retrograde; pain, sterility, scarring

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54
Q

Describe pubertal changes to breast tissue

A

Estradiol causes nipples and areola to enlarge, proliferation of duct system and increase in stroma

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55
Q

4 possible stages/forms of breast tissue

A

Immature, pregnant, lactant, postmenopausal

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56
Q

When is glandular tissue present in the breast?

A

Pregnancy and lactation

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57
Q

What stage(s) of breast development exhibit no glandular tissue

A

Inactive/resting

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58
Q

Cell types in lactiferous ducts

A

Stratified sqamous and stratified cuboidal

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59
Q

Cell types in terminal lobular ducts

A

Simple columnar/cuboidal epithelium

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60
Q

What type of connective tissue is present in interlobar stroma?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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61
Q

What type of connective tissue is present in interlobular stroma?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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62
Q

What type of connective tissue is present in interlobular stroma?

A

Loose connective tissue

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63
Q

P’eau d’orange

A

Dimpling of skin d/t edema s/t advanced breast ca

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64
Q

Where does mammary gland drain to (lymphatics)?

A

Axillary node(s)

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65
Q

Describe phases of pregnancy with regards to breast tissue development

A

1st half: proliferative, in that secretory alveoli develop

2nd half: lobules enlarge from hypertrophy of secretory alveoli and secretion of colostrum

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66
Q

List all changes to breast tissue that occur during pregnancy

A

Nipples enlarge and become more pigmented; ductal system completes development; CT and adipose tissue reduced in stroma; glandular tissue develops (alveoli fill lobules, vascularity increases, connective tissue reduced)

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67
Q

Important components of colostrum

A

Protein, vitamin A, IgA

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68
Q

Important components of breast milk

A

Protein, fat, lactose, IgA

69
Q

When does breast milk production begin?

A

Day 4 after birth (transition from colostrum)

70
Q

Function of oxytocin (with respect to breast tissue)

A

Contraction of myoepithelial cells

71
Q

Where are mucous glands of Little found? Function?

A

Surrounding urethra of corpus spongiosum; secrete a clear mucus on erection

72
Q

What hormone suppresses prolactin in non-pregnant women?

A

Dopamine

73
Q

What hormone stimulates pubertal breast development and further breast hyperplasia during pregnancy?

A

Prolactin

74
Q

What hormone stimulates milk synthesis and secretion after the drop in estrogen and progesterone at the end of pregnancy?

A

Prolactin

75
Q

List the “background hormones” associated with breast development

A

Glucocorticoids, insulin, GH, thyroxine, IGFs

76
Q

What 2 neuroendocrine reflexes are associated with lactation?

A

Lactogenesis and milk “let-down”

77
Q

What hormone is responsible for lactogenesis? Where does it come from?

A

Prolactin; pars distalis

78
Q

What hormone is responsible for milk ejection/”let-down”? Where does it come from?

A

Oxytocin; pars nervosa

79
Q

Describe lactational amenorrhea

A

Prolactin inhibits release of GnRH to prevent another pregnancy, causing less FSH and LH to be secreted, in turn decreasing follicle development

80
Q

2 components of mammary gland regression after cessation of pregnancy

A

Resorption of alveolar/duct tissue and re-establishment of adipose

81
Q

2 changes to breast tissue in post-menopausal women

A

CT decreases in amount and density, further involution of ducts

82
Q

When does implantation occur, with respect to menstrual cycle?

A

Secretory phase, days 21-24

83
Q

What hormone is responsible for corpus luteum rescue? What secretes it?

A

beta-hCG; synctitiotrophoblasts

84
Q

Define decidual reaction

A

Continued production of estrogen and progesterone causes hypertrophy of endometrial stromal cells in preparation for pregnancy

85
Q

Describe the changes in stromal cells associated with the decimal reaction

A

Hypertrophy, will also contain large amounts of glycogen and lipids to become decidual cells

86
Q

Describe function(s) of decidual cells

A

Provide nutrients to fetus before mother-fetus vascular exchange is established; provide a barrier to further invasion of uterine wall; hormone release - prolactin (suppress maternal immune response to fetus), prostaglandins (soften cervix, contrition of uterine smooth m.), relaxin (stimulated by hCG and also produced by corpus luteum and placenta; suppresses myocetrial contractions in early pregnancy and softens cervix)

87
Q

Changes to myometrium during pregnancy

A

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia

88
Q

2 layers of trophoblast and their functions? Which is mitotically active?

A

Cytotrophoblast (inner layer) contains trophoblast-producing cells, synctitiotrophoblast (outer layer) is a multinucleate cytoplasmic mass that invades epithelium + stroma of endometrium; cytotrophoblast is mitotically active

89
Q

Endometrium cell type

A

Simple columnar epi

90
Q

What is meant by the placenta being a “transient endocrine organ”?

A

Synthesizes and secretes hormones that are not subject to maternal or fetal regulation

91
Q

Define chorion

A

Fetal side of placenta (plate, free + anchoring villae)

92
Q

Define decidua basalis

A

Maternal side of placenta

93
Q

What crosses the placental barrier?

A

Steroid hormone, Transferrin (caries iron), Alcohol and drugs, Gases and nutrients, Maternal Antibodies (“STAGMA”)

94
Q

Cytotrophoblast secretions

A

IGF-I, IGF-II

95
Q

Synctitiotrophoblast secretions

A

hCG, human placental GH, human chorionic ACTH, human chorionic thyrotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin, inhibit A, estrogen and progesterone (last 2 from fetal adrenal gland)

96
Q

What hormone can be used to assess fetal health? Why?

A

Estrogen (not progesterone, synthesis of which is independent of fetus); synthesis of these steroid hormones during pregnancy requires a concerted effort between mother and fetus in that placenta takes over secretion at end of 1st trimester, because sex steroid suppress maternal hypothalamic-pituitary axis

97
Q

What causes prolactin’s lactogenic effect to commence?

A

Drop in estrogen and progesterone at parturition; previously they were blocking the effect of prolactin on mammary gland

98
Q

2 functions of the testes

A

Spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis

99
Q

What histologic tissue type is interstitial tissue of the testis? What are the components found here?

A

Loose connective tissue; fibroblasts and Leydig cells with significant cytoplasm

100
Q

Leydig cell function

A

Synthesize and secrete testosterone

101
Q

3 parts of convoluted seminiferous tubule

A

Lamina, basement membrane, seminiferous epithelium (Sertoli cells + spermatogenic cells)

102
Q

What cells give structural organization to the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli cells

103
Q

5 types of spermatogenic cells (in order of increasing maturity)

A

Spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa

104
Q

Define spermatogenesis. What are the 3 phases?

A

Process of spermatogonia maturing to become spermatozoa; mitosis, 2 rounds of meiosis and spermiogenesis (spermatids becoming spermatozoa)

105
Q

What process/structure is associated with the “cytoplasmic bridge,” and what’s the point?

A

Spermatogenesis, seminiferous tubules of testis; sharing of gene products between haploid cells so they can be supplied with protein and RNA for diploid cells

106
Q

Defining characteristic of spermatogonia

A

Always in contact with basal lamina

107
Q

Defining characteristic(s) of primary spermatocyte

A

Largest germ cell present, strands of heterochromatin

108
Q

What step of spermatogenesis introduces genetic variation?

A

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to become secondary spermatocytes

109
Q

Steps of spermiogenesis

A

Nuclear condensation, acrosome formation, flagella formation, cytoplasm reduction (by Sertoli cells), release into lumen

110
Q

Where do spermatozoa develop motility?

A

Epididymis (non-motile in seminiferous tubules)

111
Q

Sertoli cell functions (5)

A

Support and nurse sperm; structural organization of tubules; phagocytose unneeded cytoplasmic portions of spermatids; tight junctions between cells separate epithelia into basal and adluminal components; provide structural basis for blood-testis barrier

112
Q

Sertoli exocrine secretions

A

Fluid, androgen-binding protein (stimulated by FSH)

113
Q

Sertoli endocrine secretions

A

Estradiol (neonatal/prepubertal Sertoli cells contain aromatase), inhibin B, Mullerian inhibiting factor, growth factors

114
Q

Importance of blood-testis barrier

A

Isolates genetically different antigenic haploid material from immune system

115
Q

What 2 factors is spermatogenesis highly sensitive to?

A

Temperature and hormones (cryptorchidism could degenerate most spermatogenic cells)

116
Q

What reflex is responsible for positioning the testes away from heat of the body

A

Cremaster

117
Q

What muscle contracts to draw testes closer to body in cold temperature

A

Dartos

118
Q

Where do 90% of cervical cancers occur?

A

Squamocolumnar junction

119
Q

Pap smear sampling site?

A

External os/transformation zone (of cervix)

120
Q

Worrisome cytologic features on Pap smear?

A

High N:C ratio, nuclei irregularity, mitotic figures, “clumping”

121
Q

Pap smear classifications

A

LSIL, HGSIL, invasive cancer

122
Q

Standard tx for early stage cervical ca?

A

Radical hysterectomy

123
Q

Define kolicytic atypia

A

Nuclear alterations with perinuclear “halo” on a Pap smear, which are associated with HPV/LSIL/HSIL

124
Q

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages with endometrial stroma appearance on ovary mass…

A

Endometrioma (ectopic chocolate-filled cyst, characteristic of endometriosis)

125
Q

Define endometriosis

A

Presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside uterus

126
Q

What causes the brown appearance of fluid seen in endometriomas?

A

Previous hemorrhage that occurs in response to hormonal stimulation

127
Q

Effect of LH on testicles?

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

128
Q

Effect of FSH on testicles?

A

Stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete estrogen, ABP, and initiate spermatogenesis during puberty

129
Q

What hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to initiate spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

130
Q

What hormone provides negative feedback on anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH production?

A

Inhibin B

131
Q

Levels of which hormone correlate with total sperm count?

A

Inhibin B

132
Q

Testosterone target?

A

Androgen receptor

133
Q

Effect of placental hCG on fetal testes?

A

Produce moderate amounts of testosterone

134
Q

What hormone (in men) experiences diurnal rhythm during puberty?

A

FSH (increases at night)

135
Q

Causes of male hypogonadism (3)

A

After age 40: decr. LH pulse freq., decr. SHBG, decr. DHT

136
Q

Effect of hypergonadism after puberty

A

Hair loss

137
Q

Hypergonadism causes (5)

A

Hypothalamic tumor; gene causing activating mutation of LH receptor; congenital adrenal hyperplasia; androgen-producing tumors; pinealoma (destroys pinealocytes)

138
Q

Nocturnal pineal gland secretion

A

Melatonin

139
Q

Primary hypogonadism labs

A

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism: High LH, low T

140
Q

Secondary hypogonadism labs

A

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: low FSH, LH, T

141
Q

Rete testis cell type

A

Simple cuboidal/”low columnar”

142
Q

Define tubuli recti

A

Very short, straight section of terminal seminiferous tubules

143
Q

What structure(s) connect the rate testis to the epididymis?

A

Excurrent (efferent) ductules

144
Q

Excurrent ductules cell type? What cells comprise line these tubules?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epi; tall cells (with cilia), short cells (with microvilli) combine to give a “wavy” appearance

145
Q

What tubules/ductules reabsorb most of the fluid generated by the seminiferous tubules?

A

Excurrent (efferent) ductules (and later by epididymis)

146
Q

Where do spermatozoa gain motility?

A

Body of epididymis (inhibitory proteins prevent motility until after ejactulation)

147
Q

Main function of tail of epididymis?

A

Reservoir for mature sperm

148
Q

Where are principals cells found in the male reproductive tract? What is their function?

A

Ductus epididymis (embedded in pseudo stratified epithelium); possess stereocilia for absorption

149
Q

Cell type of the mucosa in vas deferens

A

Stereociliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

150
Q

Layers of vas deferens

A

Mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis (3 layers, middle circular thickest relatively of any in the body), adventitia

151
Q

What differentiates ejaculatory duct from vas deferens?

A

No muscularis layer in ejaculatory duct

152
Q

Control over seminal vesicle muscularis is carried out by what?

A

Testosterone

153
Q

Main function of seminal vesicle

A

Store fluid that washes sperm out, dilutes sperm, and neutralizes acidity

154
Q

Seminal vesicle secretions

A

Fructose (nurture sperm), fibrinogen, prostaglandins

155
Q

What is the largest accessory sex gland in men?

A

Prostate

156
Q

Prostate function

A

Secretes and stores a thin, milky, alkaline substance that comprises 25-30% of ejaculate; also adds clotting enzymes (groups sperm) and fibrinolysin (breaks it up 15-30 min later)

157
Q

Prostate serum secretions

A

PSA and PAP (phosphatase, important in metastatic CaP)

158
Q

Characteristic feature of prostate tissue

A

Corpora amlylacea (concretions)

159
Q

What are androgens converted to in prostate? Which enzyme is responsible?

A

DHT; 5-alpha-reductase

160
Q

5 zones of the prostate

A

Peripheral, transition, central, fibromuscular, periurethral

161
Q

What prostate zone is the site of most cancers?

A

Peripheral

162
Q

What prostate zone is the site of the 2nd most cancers?

A

Transition

163
Q

What prostate zone is the site of BPH?

A

Transition

164
Q

Difference between orchiectomy and GnRH agonist’s effect on labs in CaP patients

A

FSH, LH levels will increase with orchiectomy

165
Q

Cowper’s gland function

A

Pre-ejaculate: neutralize traces of acidic urine, lubricate urethra, flush out any traces of residual urine or foreign matter

166
Q

What binds the 3 portions of the penis together?

A

Tunica albuginea

167
Q

Where are helicine arteries found?

A

Corpus cavernosa

168
Q

Where are Peg cells found?

A

Oviduct

Histo (13 decks)

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