Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histo > TBL 2 (Phase I) > Flashcards

TBL 2 (Phase I) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories of embryonic connective tissue?

A

Mesenchyme and mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two types of adult connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper, specialized connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, dense regular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is loose connective tissue called in the digestive tract?

A

Lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue of the digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in the tendon?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What types of tissue are classified as specialized connective tissue?

A

Reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, bone, cartilage, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two types of “wandering” connective tissue?

A

Immigrant and transient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

From what cells does resident connective tissue originate?

A

Mesenchymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

From what cells do immigrant and transient connective tissue originate?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fibroblasts are derived from what type of connective tissue?

A

Resident cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts (generally)?

A

Synthesize fibers (collagen, elastic fibers) and secrete “ground substance” (proteoglycans, glycoproteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cells are classified as immigrant connective tissue cells?

A

Macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cells are classified as transient connective tissue cells?

A

Leukocytes (lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type(s) of collagen form fibrils?

A

Collagen I, II and III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type(s) of collagen form network(s)?

A

Collagen IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is type I collagen found?

A

Skin, dentin, bone, tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is type II collagen thinner or thicker than type I collagen?

A

Thinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is type II collagen found?

A

Elastic cartilage and hyaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of collagen is recognizable as a “silver stain”?

A

Type III collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of collagen forms first in wound healing?

A

Type III collagen (then replaced by type I)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is type III collagen found?

A

Reticular lamina, also “stroma” of bone marrow and lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of collagen is found in elastic cartilage and hyaline?

A

Type II collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of collagen is found in skin, dentin, bone and tendon?

A

Type I collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of collagen is found in the reticular lamina?

A

Type III collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does type IV collagen bind to?

A

[Collagen IV-binding site of] laminin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is type IV collagen found?

A

Basal lamina (lamina densa along with glycoproteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where can both collagen I and II be synthesized (in what cells)?

A

Smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where can smooth muscle cells be found?

A

Walls of arteries, uterus, respiratory bronchial tree, intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the ECM comprised of?

A

Fibers and “ground substance”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What (3) types of fibers comprise the ECM?

A

Collagen, reticular, elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What (3) types of “ground substance” comprise the ECM?

A

Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define glycosaminoglycans

A

Large unbranched polysaccharide chains (ex. Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define glycoproteins

A

Globular proteins with short branched carbohydrates (laminin, fibronectin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are reticular cells?

A

A type of fibroblast that synthesizes type III collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are fibroblasts called in bone?

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are fibroblasts called in cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are fibroblasts called in teeth?

A

Odontoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does “FACIT” stand for?

A

Fibril-associated-collagen-[with] interrupted-triple helices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where does the intracellular portion of collagen synthesis occur?

A

Collagen is made in RER (proline and lysine hydroxylated, which requires ascorbic acid), then goes to Golgi apparatus for packaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe the extracellular portion of collagen synthesis

A

Peptidase cuts off pro- end of collagen to for tropocollagen, which self-aggregates into fibrils (aided by lysyl oxidase), which then links to form fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the symptoms and cause of scurvy?

A

Inadequate wound healing d/t poor collagen formation s/t vitamin C deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the symptoms and cause of Ehler-Danlos syndrome?

A

Hyperelasticity of skin and hyper mobility of joints d/t defect in synthesis or structure of collagen (if defects extend to visceral collagen, results in tissue rupture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where are elastic fibers synthesized in skin and tendons?

A

Fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where are elastic fibers synthesized in cartilage of auricle of the ear, epiglottis, larynx, and auditory tubes?

A

Chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where are elastic fibers synthesized in large blood vessels like the aorta and respiratory tree?

A

Smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the cause of Marfan syndrome?

A

Elastic fiber disease d/t defect in gene encoding for fibrillin-1

48
Q

What are the symptoms of Marfan syndrome?

A

Tall, long limbs and digits, can die from aortic dissection, dilation of root of the aorta or mitral valve prolapse (elastic fiber disease)

49
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

Macrophages in the liver

50
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Macrophages in the bone

51
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

Macrophages in CNS

52
Q

Define histiocytes

A

Phagocytic cells that migrate into a certain tissue and stay there

53
Q

What type of mast cells are T-cell independent?

A

Connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs)

54
Q

What type of mast cells are T-cell dependent?

A

Mucosa mast cells (MMCs), predominantly in lamina propria of intestine and the lungs

55
Q

What type of immigrant cell will have abundant lysosomes (and residual bodies) on microscopy?

A

Macrophages

56
Q

What type of immigrant cell produces cytokines?

A

Macrophages

57
Q

What are the 3 functions of macrophages?

A

(1) turn over senescent fibers and ECM materials (2) present antigens to lymphocytes as part of inflammatory and immune response (3) produce cytokines

58
Q

What type of immigrant cell secretes immunoglobulin?

A

Plasma cells

59
Q

What are plasma cells derived from?

A

B lymphocytes

60
Q

What type of immigrant cell has a high affinity [receptor] for IgE?

A

Mast cells

61
Q

What type of immigrant cell releases vasoactive mediators to herald transient cells?

A

Mast cells

62
Q

What type of immigrant cell is associated with allergic hypersensitivity (i.e. Hay fever, asthma)

A

Mast cells (release mediators like histamine)

63
Q

Describe the effects of metachromasia

A

After “blue” stain, the [basophilic cytoplasmic] granules of mast cells might appear purple-red, but nucleus will still be blue

64
Q

What type of transient cell contains defensins?

A

Neutrophils

65
Q

What is the function of defensins?

A

Aid in phagocytosis of bacteria

66
Q

What transient cells are associated with acute infection?

A

Neutrophils

67
Q

What transient cells are associated with parasitic infection?

A

Eosinophils

68
Q

What transient cells are associated with allergic reactions?

A

Eosinophils (inactivate histamine and heparin)

69
Q

What is loose (areolar) connective tissue called in bone marrow?

A

Reticular tissue

70
Q

What are the five functions of integument

A

Protection, sensory, thermoregulatory, endocrine (metabolic), water maintenance

71
Q

What are the five layer of epidermis (from deep to superficial)

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, stratum lucidum

72
Q

What two layers (of epidermis) are only present in thick skin?

A

Stratum corneum and stratum lucidum

73
Q

What gives stratum lucidum its characteristic “light” appearance on LM

A

Eleidin

74
Q

In what layer of epidermis are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale

75
Q

What are the symptoms and underlying cause of epidermolysis bullosa?

A

Defect in anchoring fibrils cause separation and fluid build up between epidermis and dermis, resulting in blistering and skin erosion. Ultimately, scarring, chronic infection and dehydration can result.

76
Q

In what layer of epidermis are keratin tonofibrils found?

A

Stratum spinosum

77
Q

In what layer of epidermis are keratohyalin granules found?

A

Stratum granulosum (gives characteristic basophilic appearance)

78
Q

What layer of epidermis is primarily responsible for water protection (as a means of maintaining internal environment)?

A

Stratum granulosum

79
Q

What is the embryologic origin of melanocytes?

A

Neural crest cells

80
Q

Describe the process of melanin production (in melanocytes)

A

Tyrosinase converts tyrosine into DOPA, which then forms melanin (latter reaction carried out in premelanosomes)

81
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis (“the macrophage of the skin”)

82
Q

Where can Merkel cells be found?

A

Stratum basale (“sit” on basal lamina)

83
Q

Describe the function of Merkel cells

A

Release neurosecretory granules in response to influx of calcium (triggered by keratinocytes pooling on cell surface). Important for tactile discrimination (underlying afferent nerves).

84
Q

What is the embryological origin of dermis?

A

Para-axial mesoderm

85
Q

What are the two layers of dermis?

A

Dermal papillae (superficial), and deeper reticular layer

86
Q

Which layer of dermis possesses more elastic fibers?

A

Deeper reticular layer

87
Q

What type(s) of collagen are found in the dermal papillae layer?

A

Type I & III collagen

88
Q

What type(s) of collagen are found in the deeper reticular layer (of the dermis)?

A

Type I collagen

89
Q

What type of connective tissue is present in the dermal papillae layer?

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue

90
Q

What type of connective tissue is present in the deeper reticular layer (of the dermis)?

A

Irregular dense connective tissue

91
Q

What layer of skin is primarily associated with drug absorption?

A

Hypodermis (fat cells and numerous blood vessels)

92
Q

What is the panniculus carnasus?

A

Striated muscle deep to subcutaneous fascia that contributes to facial expression

93
Q

Where are mast cells most common?

A

Skin, gastrointestinal lining, the serosal lining of the peritoneal and pleural cavities and around blood vessels

94
Q

What (specifically) is ascorbic acid responsible for in collagen synthesis?

A

Hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline (non-hydroxylated collagen cannot form triple helix)

95
Q

What are some of the symptoms of scurvy?

A

Hemorrhages into the skin, joints, and muscles and loosening of the teeth

96
Q

What are the four differentiating characteristics of thick skin (as compared to thin)?

A

(1) grooves and ridges (2) abundance of sweat glands (3) no hairs (4) no sebaceous glands

97
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles? What do they do?

A

Schwann cells wrapped around nerve fibers. Important in sensing coarse touch, pressure and vibration.

98
Q

What are Meissner corpuscles? What do they do?

A

Schwann cells arranged horizontally, important for sensing light touch or low frequency vibrations.

99
Q

Describe free nerve endings

A

Unencapsulated receptors that respond to noxious stimuli

100
Q

What do Ruffini corpuscles do?

A

Sense stretch or torque

101
Q

What are Krause end bulbs?

A

Thin collagenous capsules penetrated by nerve fibers, only found in penis and clitoris, respond to low frequency vibrations

102
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells?

A

Sense texture (and light touch)

103
Q

What do arrector pili muscles do?

A

Cause hair to stand up in order to retain warmth

104
Q

What type of glands are sebaceous glands (i.e. how do they release secretion products)?

A

Holocrine (release by disintegration)

105
Q

What causes acne?

A

Retention of sebum in hair follicle

106
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine and apocrine

107
Q

What are the four stages of skin repair?

A

(1) Cut blood vessels bleed into the wound, (2) blood clot forms and leukocytes clean the wound, (3) blood vessels then regrow + granulation tissue forms, (4) epithelium regenerated and connective tissue fibrosis occurs

108
Q

Which type of sweat gland is coiled?

A

Eccrine

109
Q

What type of sweat gland is innervated by adrenergic fibers?

A

Apocrine

110
Q

What type of sweat gland is innervated by cholinergic fibers?

A

Eccrine

111
Q

What do clear cells (of sweat glands) produce?

A

Sweat

112
Q

What do dark cells (of sweat glands) produce?

A

Proteinaceous secretion

113
Q

In which tissues are reticular cells present?

A

Liver, spleen, lymphoid and bone marrow

114
Q

What type of collagen predominates in tunica adventitia?

A

Type I collagen

115
Q

What type of collagen is produced by tunica media?

A

Type III collagen

Histo (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions