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Histo > TBL 5 (Module III) > Flashcards

TBL 5 (Module III) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of blood vessels?

A

Epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nerve

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2
Q

What layers are found in arteries and veins (from inside to outside)?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

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3
Q

Which of the 3 vessel layers is thicker in large arteries (such as the aorta)?

A

Tunica media (also it is rich in elastic fibers)

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4
Q

Which of the 3 vessel layers is thicker in large veins (such as the vena cava)?

A

Tunica adventitia

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5
Q

Where is the IEL found?

A

Separating the tunica intima from the tunica media

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of arteries?

A

Elastic, muscular, small, arterioles

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7
Q

What vessels are classified as elastic arteries?

A

Aorta, carotids, subclavians

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8
Q

What vessels are classified as muscular arteries?

A

Brahcial, renal, ulnar, femoral

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9
Q

What 2 layers are stretched in an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Tunica media and tunica adventitia

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10
Q

What type of artery is characterized by a noticeably prominent IEL?

A

Muscular arteries

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11
Q

What types of arteries are associated with blood pressure?

A

Muscular arteries and arterioles

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12
Q

What is the cause of arteriosclerosis?

A

Deposits of calcium and elastin

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13
Q

What type of artery is associated with control of blood pressure?

A

Muscular arteries (contracted state maintains blood pressure)

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14
Q

What type of artery is associated with determining blood pressure?

A

Arterioles

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15
Q

Which type of blood vessel could be associated with hypertension? Why?

A

Arterioles, because they act as resistance vessels, to down regulate distribution of blood into capillary beds

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16
Q

Define systolic blood pressure

A

The pressure on blood vessels while the heart is pushing blood through arteries

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17
Q

Define diastolic blood pressure

A

The pressure on blood vessels between beats of the heart, when it is resting

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18
Q

What are metarterioles? What is their role in control of capillary blood flow?

A

Metarterioles are even smaller vessel branches of terminal arterioles. They possess smooth muscle bands thatch as precapillary sphincters, which vasoconstrictor or vasodilator to control blood flow into capillary beds

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19
Q

Describe two consequences of the thin-walled nature of post capillary venules

A

Transendothelial migration, tissue edema

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20
Q

What regions or organ systems contain a high density of capillary networks? Why?

A

Liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle. Purpose is to increase area available for exchange.

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21
Q

What are 3 mechanisms of substance exchange in capillaries?

A

Diffusion (lipid soluble assess passing through thin wall), transcytosis, “leaks” between endothelial cells

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22
Q

Define transcytosis

A

Endocytosis on one end, exocytosis on another

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23
Q

Where are pericytes found?

A

Surrounding capillaries

24
Q

What is the embryologic origin of pericytes?

A

Mesenchyme

25
Q

What is the function of pericytes?

A

Differentiate into smooth muscle cells following injury to endothelium

26
Q

What proteins are found in pericytes?

A

Tropomyosin, isomyosin (contractile proteins)

27
Q

In what tissues are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Endocrine glands, kidney (where rapid interchange of substances is required)

28
Q

Describe the location of fenestrated capillaries in adrenal medulla

A

Adjacent to chromatin cell(s)

29
Q

What do secretory granules contain in the fenestrated capillaries of the adrenal medulla?

A

Catecholamine hormones

30
Q

How are catecholamine hormones secreted from granules of the adrenal medulla capillaries?

A

Exocytosis

31
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

A

Liver, spleen, gallbladder

32
Q

What is the difference between discontinuous capillaries and fenestrated capillaries?

A

Fenestrae in discontinuous capillaries lack diaphragm present in fenestrated capillaries

33
Q

Where do lymphatic capillaries ultimately converge?

A

Thoracic duct, R lymphatic duct

34
Q

Define lymph

A

Fluid produced by cells that collects in tissue spaces

35
Q

Define neuromuscular bundle

A

Artery, vein and nerve traveling together

36
Q

Describe the appearance of nerves that travel in neuromuscular bundles

A

Nerve fascicles contained in a perineurial sheath

37
Q

What are small blood vessels in the tunica adventitia termed?

A

Vaso vasora

38
Q

What type of collagen is produced by the tunica media?

A

Type III collagen

39
Q

What type of collagen predominates in the tunica adventitia?

A

Type I collagen

40
Q

What body systems/movements aid in the return of venous blood to the heart?

A

Skeletal muscle contractions, movement of thorax during respirations

41
Q

What are the 4 types of veins?

A

Venules, small veins, medium veins, large veins

42
Q

What is a unique feature of the tunica adventitia of large veins?

A

Contains smooth muscle bundles

43
Q

What veins are classified as medium veins?

A

Great saphenous vein, popliteal, radial, tibial

44
Q

Why is the great saphenous vein used in CABG surgery?

A

Great saphenous vein has abundant smooth muscle in tunica media, which is why it is used for transport

45
Q

In venous blood return, what prevents blood back flow?

A

One-way valves

46
Q

What are some consequences of a loss of elasticity in veins?

A

Enlarged, incompetent vessels can lead to esophageal varices, hemorrhoids, varicose veins

47
Q

What are the 4 components of the heart’s conduction system?

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

48
Q

Where do Purkinje fibers travel?

A

Subendocardium

49
Q

What is the function of Purkinje fibers?

A

Purkinje fibers arise from right and left bundle-divisions of the Bundle of His to pass the contractile signal to myocardial cells

50
Q

Which cells produce elastic and collagen fibers in smooth muscle cells?

A

Smooth muscle cells

51
Q

What constitutes a “true” aneurysm?

A

All 3 layers of vessel are affected

52
Q

What constitutes a “false” aneurysm?

A

Tear in intinma leads to blood extravasation between tunica media and adventitia; therefore called a “pulsating aneurysm”

53
Q

How are atherosclerotic plaques implicated in AAA? What’s the mechanism?

A

The plaque compresses the underlying media (and adventitia), leading to ECM degeneration and dilation of the vessel

54
Q

Describe the process of an aortic dissection

A

Tear in intima leads to a “false lumen” between intima and media. Eventually, it can rip through the adventitia.

55
Q

Describe the appearance of post-mortem clots

A

“Chicken fat”

56
Q

Describe the appearance of pre-mortem clots

A

Lines of Zahn (made of fibrin, appear purple-blue) indicate blood was still flowing when clot formed

57
Q

What do hemosiderin-laden macrophages in alveolar spaces indicate?

A

(Left-sided) heart failure

Histo (13 decks)

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