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Histo > TBL 3 (Module II) > Flashcards

TBL 3 (Module II) Flashcards

1
Q

What are cell bodies called in the central nervous system?

A

Ganglia

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2
Q

What are cell bodies called in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nuclei

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3
Q

What are axons called in the central nervous system?

A

Tracts

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4
Q

What are axons called in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Fibers

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5
Q

What 2 groups of cell types exist in nervous tissue?

A

Glial cells (support), neurons

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6
Q

What are Nissl bodies?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum of neurons

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7
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps between segments of myelin sheath (increase speed of action potential propagation)

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8
Q

What is the role of interneurons, generally?

A

To connect sensory and motor neurons

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9
Q

Which component (organelle) present in neuron cell bodies is not present in dendrites

A

Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

What 2 pigments are common to the substantia nigra?

A

Lipofuscin and melanin

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11
Q

What protein is involved in antegrade transport (along an axon)?

A

Kinesin

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12
Q

What protein is involved in retrograde transport (along an axon)?

A

Dynein

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13
Q

What viruses enter neurons via membrane fusion?

A

HSV, VZV, PRV

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14
Q

What viruses enter neurons via endocytosis?

A

RABV, poliovirus, VSV

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells present in the central nervous system?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cells present in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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17
Q

What are astrocytes responsible for? What is their function?

A

Astrocytes connect neurons to capillaries and Pia mater, thus they are involved in the transfer of metabolic products from blood to neurons

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18
Q

What is the role of astrocytes with respect to brain injury?

A

Proliferation to form scar tissue

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19
Q

What 4 structures are associated with the blood-brain barrier?

A

Tight junctions, basal lamina, astrocytes, [squamous] epithelia

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20
Q

What is the primary site of HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system?

A

Microglia

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21
Q

What is the role/function of microglia?

A

Phagocyte of the central nervous system

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22
Q

Where are ependymal cells found?

A

Lining the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

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23
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

To form a barrier between the brain and cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

What are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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25
Q

What are the myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

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26
Q

What is the function fo satellite cells?

A

To cluster around and provide support for cell bodies in peripheral ganglia

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27
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Myelinated axons, few unmyelinated axons, glial cells but no neurons

28
Q

What is gray matter composed of?

A

Neurons, dendrites, glial cells (also “initial portion” of unmyelinated axons)

29
Q

What is neuropil?

A

The non-neuron component of the nervous system; composed of unmyelinated axons, dendrites and glial cells with relatively low numbers of cell bodies. Remember that it is synaptically dense, and the brain has neuropil-concentrated regions.

30
Q

What carries motor innervation to the muscularis externa of the esophagus?

A

Auerbach’s (myenteric) plexus

31
Q

What carries secretory (parasympathetic) innervation to goblet cells in the intestinal epithelia and motor innervation to the muscularis mucosa? Where is it located?

A

Meissner’s (submucosal) plexus; lamina propria

32
Q

List the characteristics of dorsal root ganglia

A

Peudounipolar neurons; Cell bodies are spherical in shape but vary in size (large and small); Nuclei tend to be central in location; Numerous satellite cells; Nerve cell bodies located mainly in periphery with fibers traveling in bundles; Axons are heavily myelinated; Connective tissue capsule present

33
Q

List the characteristics of sympathetic ganglia

A

Multipolar neurons; Cell bodies are rather uniform in size; Nuclei tend to be peripheral in location; Few satellite cells; Arrangement of nerve cell bodies in ganglion is haphazard; Axons are lightly myelinated; No connective tissue capsule

34
Q

What nervous system is associated with the lateral horn (in the spinal cord)?

A

Sympathetic

35
Q

What histologic cell type is dura mater?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

36
Q

What histologic cell type is arachnoid mater?

A

Simple squamous epithelia

37
Q

What histologic cell type is Pia mater?

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue. Highly vascular.

38
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

Production of CSF

39
Q

What is endoneurium composed of?

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue; type IV collagen

40
Q

What are the two types of muscle tissue?

A

Striated (including skeletal and cardiac) and smooth

41
Q

Where would you find cardiac muscle?

A

Walls of heart, bases of large veins and aorta

42
Q

Where would you find smooth muscle?

A

Walls of blood vessels, viscera, arrector pili

43
Q

What protein is associated with thin filaments?

A

Actin

44
Q

What protein is associated with thick filaments?

A

Myosin

45
Q

What is sarcolemma?

A

Muscle cell plasma membrane

46
Q

Describe the process of myogenesis by satellite cells

A

Satellite cells get activated to transform into myoblasts, which then proliferate and differentiate into myotubes, which then further transform into my-fibers (“CD34” and “MyoD” associated with this process)

47
Q

How are skeletal muscle fibers held together?

A

Connective tissue, NOT cell junctions

48
Q

What histologic cell type is epimysium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

49
Q

In what layer (epimysium, endomysium, perimysium) is most of the vascular and nerve supply to muscle tissue housed?

A

Epimysium

50
Q

What protein is associated with thick filaments specifically in striated muscle?

A

Myosin II (line up “tail-to-tail” for bipolar appearance)

51
Q

What proteins are associated with thin filaments specifically in striated muscle?

A

F-actin, tropomyosin, troponin

52
Q

What features do myosin heads possess?

A

Actin and ATP binding sites

53
Q

What is the function of tropomyosin?

A

To mask the myosin binding sites

54
Q

What filaments are associated with the A band?

A

Thick filaments

55
Q

What filaments are associated with the I band?

A

Thin filaments only

56
Q

What filaments are associated with the H band?

A

Thick filaments only

57
Q

What is the function of dystrophin in muscle fibers?

A

Links actin filaments to endomysium through glycoprotein complex, in order to shorten my-fibers (which leads to contraction)

58
Q

What 2 diseases are associated with mutations in the gene encoding for dystrophin?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy

59
Q

What changes to the A, I, H and Z bands are associated with contraction?

A

I band shortens, H band narrows, Z lines brought closer together, A band remains unchanged

60
Q

Describe the cause of rigor mortis

A

Lack of ATP prevents dissociation of actin and myosin (In normal state ATP binding causes reduced affinity of actin-myosin connection)

61
Q

Describe the process of muscle contraction initiation

A

Action potential arrives, synaptic transmission at NMJ occurs, AP propagates along sarcolemma, leading to hypo polarization of T tubules, which causes a conformational change of voltage-sensor proteins, in turn causing calcium channels to open, calcium release into sarcoplasm from SER, calcium then binding to troponin C to allow actin-myosin interaction

62
Q

Describe the cause and one symptom of myasthenia gravis

A

Autoantibodies against ACh receptor on post-synaptic sarcolemma (at NMJ). Causes ptosis (among other sx).

63
Q

Where are muscle spindle cells located? What is their function?

A

Between muscle fascicles; sensory cells to detect changes in length

64
Q

What is epineurium composed of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

65
Q

What is perineurium composed of?

A

Specialized connective tissue, layers of flattened epithelial-like cells

Histo (13 decks)

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