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Histo > TBL 11 (Module VI) > Flashcards

TBL 11 (Module VI) Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

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2
Q

Difference between neuroendrocrine cells and neurons? What does the former secrete?

A

Neuroendocrine cells end at blood vessels; “neurohormones”

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3
Q

Anterior lobe of pituitary is called…

A

Adenohypophysis

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4
Q

Posterior lobe of pituitary is called…

A

Neurohypophysis

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5
Q

What is the adenohypophysis derived from?

A

Ectoderm from roof of mouth

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6
Q

What is the neurohypophysis derived from?

A

Ectoderm from floor of brain

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7
Q

What separates the pars distalis from pars nervosa?

A

Pars intermedia

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8
Q

What is derived from Rathke’s pouch?

A

Adenohypophysis

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9
Q

What part os the pituitary is comprised of glandular tissue?

A

Adenohypophysis

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10
Q

What part of the pituitary is comprised of neural secretory tissue?

A

Neurohypophysis

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11
Q

What is derived from Rathke’s pouch?

A

Adenohypophysis (maybe pars intermedia?)

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12
Q

Components of the adenohypophysis

A

Pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

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13
Q

Components of the neurohypophysis

A

Median eminence, infundibulum, pars nervosa

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14
Q

2 types of chromophils

A

Acidophils and basophils

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15
Q

Contents of pars distalis

A

Chromophils, chromophobes, folliculostelalte cells (nonsecretory, function unknown)

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16
Q

Acidophil secretions

A

Growth hormone (via somatotrophs), prolactin (via mammotrophs/lactotrophs)

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17
Q

Basophil secretions

A

TSH (by thyrotrophs), FSH/LH (by gonadotrophs), ACTH (by corticotrophs)

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18
Q

Describe the purpose of the hypothalamophyseal portal system

A

Concentrates and directs hypothalamic hormones directly to pituitary before entering general circulation; hypothalamic hormones thusly effective in miniscule amounts

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19
Q

Describe blood flow that carries hypothalamic hormones to pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus is perfused by the superior hypophyseal artery, which shunts hormones from the primary capillary plexus to the secondary capillary plexus in the pars distalis via hypophyseal portal veins

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20
Q

Where is MSH secreted?

A

Pars intermedia (from the cuboidal/colloid-containing cells?)

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21
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei “feed into” the pars nervosa

A

Paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus

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22
Q

What cells produce oxytocin and ADH?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

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23
Q

Where are herring bodies found? What are they?

A

Neurohypophysis; neurosecretory vesicles at nerve endings

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24
Q

Describe the contents of the neurohypophysis

A

Herring bodies, pituicytes (supporting cells) and capillaries

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25
Q

Where is ADH found (within hypothalamus-hypophysis)?

A

AVN of hypothalamus and Herring bodies of neurohypophysis

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26
Q

Where is corpora arenacea found?

A

Pineal gland

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27
Q

What is the distinguishing characteristic of the pineal gland?

A

Corpora arenacea (“brain sand”)

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28
Q

Effects of melatonin? How is it regulated?

A

Circadian rhythms, also antigonadal effects in rats; sympathetics from superior cervical ganglion

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29
Q

What is the structural unit of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid follicle

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30
Q

Where is thyroglobulin found within the thyroid gland?

A

Colloid

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31
Q

What is the function of parafollicular cells?

A

Synthesize and secrete calcitonin

32
Q

Why is the thyroid gland unique among endocrine glands?

A

Its precursor hormone (thyroglobulin) is stored extracellularly

33
Q

What is TRH? What does it do?

A

Thyroid releasing hormone is a hypothalamic hormone; stimulates release of TSH from thyrotrophs of pars distalis

34
Q

4 steps of T3/T4 synthesis and release

A

TSH initiates all of the following: (i) synthesis of thyroglobulin, (ii) uptake of iodide and oxidation to iodine, (iii) iodination of thyroglobulin to MIT/DIT, (iv) formation of T3/T4

35
Q

Regulatory effects of T3? T4?

A

For both - negative feedback inhibition of hypothalamus and thyrotrophs of pituitary

36
Q

What is Graves’ disease? What causes it? Symptoms?

A

Hyperthyroidism caused by diffuse hyper plastic goiter; opththalmopathy (lid stare, eye bulging), heat intolerance, nervousness, irritability, weight loss (even with good appetite)

37
Q

What disease is associated with TSH receptor-stimulating autoantibodies?

A

Graves’ disease

38
Q

What disease is associated with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies?

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

39
Q

What disease is associated with TSH receptor-blocking autoantibodies?

A

Primary hypothyroidism

40
Q

Name one possible cause of secondary hyperthyroidism

A

Possible TSH adenoma in adenoypophysis

41
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis symptoms?

A

Goiter, hypothyroidism

42
Q

Primary hypothyroidism cause? Symptoms?

A

TSH receptor-blocking autoantibodies; low BP, low HR, low RR, low body temp and myxedema (peripheral nonpitting edema)

43
Q

Cause of secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Deficiency in adenohypophysis (low TSH secretion) or hypothalamus (low TRF secretion)

44
Q

2 mechanisms by which calcitonin reduces blood calcium

A

Directly inhibiting osteoclast activity, thusly reducing bone resorption; promoting excretion of calcium by the kidney

45
Q

Contents of parathyroid glands

A

Chief cells (parathyroid hormone), oxyphils (filled with mitochondria), adipose cells

46
Q

Function of PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A

Increase blood calcium

47
Q

Mechanisms by which PTH increases blood calcium

A

Release RANK ligand to activate osteoclasts (from osteoblasts); synthesis of vitamin D3, calcium and phosphate reabsorption within the kidney

48
Q

Cause and symptoms of primary hypoparathyroidism

A

Deficiency in PTH; dense bones, spastic muscle contractions, convulsions, tetany, death

49
Q

Cause and symptoms of pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

Abnormal PTH receptors; leads to hypocalcemia inspire of high PTH levels

50
Q

Cause and symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Usually hormone-secreting tumor of chief cells; thinning of bones and deposits of bone in soft tissue

51
Q

Pancreatic islet secretions (4)

A

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

52
Q

What cells secrete glucagon? Where are they located?

A

A cells; periphery of islets

53
Q

What cells secrete insulin? Where are they located?

A

B (beta) cells; interior of islets

54
Q

What cells secrete somatostatin?

A

D cells

55
Q

What cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide?

A

F cells

56
Q

Cause of type 1 diabetes? What histologic feature will be present because of this?

A

Autoantibodies cause destruction of beta cells; lymphocytic infiltrations in islets

57
Q

Cause of type 2 diabetes

A

Peripheral resistance to insulin AND abnormal beta cell function

58
Q

What is the adrenal cortex derived from, embryologically

A

Mesoderm

59
Q

What is the adrenal medulla derived from, embryologically?

A

Neural crest ectoderm

60
Q

3 zones of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

61
Q

Zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex) secretions

A

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

62
Q

Zona fasciculata (adrenal cortex) secretions

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone)

63
Q

Zona reticularis (adrenal cortex) secretions

A

Weak androgens

64
Q

What part of the adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones?

A

Cortex

65
Q

What part of the adrenal gland secretes catecholamines?

A

Medulla

66
Q

What part of the adrenal gland is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenal medulla

67
Q

What is Conn syndrome? Cause?

A

Primary aldosteronism (elevated aldosterone) caused by aldosterone-secreting tumor

68
Q

Possible causes of Cushing syndrome

A

Administration of large doses of steroids to treat primary disease, ACTH-secreting adenoma, adrenal cortical adenoma

69
Q

Cause and result of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Mutations in genes for steroid synthesizing enzymes resulting in elevated androgens

70
Q

What is Addison’s disease? Cause?

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex

71
Q

What cells (in the adrenal gland) are modified postganglionic neurons? Where are they found?

A

Chromaffin cells; adrenal medulla

72
Q

Difference between chromaffin cells that secrete epinephrine vs. norepinephrine

A

Norepinephrine-secreting cells have larger granules

73
Q

What regulates chromaffin cell secretion?

A

Innervation by preganglionic sympathetic neurons

74
Q

What is a pheochromocytoma?

A

Catecholamine producing tumor (both epi and NE) of the adrenal medulla

75
Q

What is a neuroblastoma?

A

Neoplasm containing primitive neuroblasts (40% occur in medulla)

Histo (13 decks)

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