TBL 1 (Phase I)

Question 1

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Answer 1

Epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve

Question 2

What (3) body surfaces are not covered by epithelia?

Answer 2

Anterior part of the iris, articular cartilage, tooth enamel

Question 3

What are some of the functions of epithelial cells?

Answer 3

Protection, secretion, excretion, absorption (intestine), transport of surface material (cilia-mediated), gas exchange (lungs)

Question 4

How do epithelial cells receive nutrients?

Answer 4

Diffusion (they are avascular)

Question 5

There are only 2 places in the body where stereovilli/stereocilia can be found. What are they?

Answer 5

Epithelial cells in epididymis and vas deferens (to help move non-motile sperm up against gravity)

Question 6

Which filaments are associated with zonula adherens (“belt desmosomes”)

Answer 6

Actin filaments

Question 7

Which filaments are associated with macula adherens (“[spot] desmosomes”)

Answer 7

Intermediate filaments

Question 8

Which filaments make up the core of microvilli?

Answer 8

Actin filaments

Question 9

The basement membrane is most made up of what type of substance/compound?

Answer 9

Glycoproteins

Question 10

The reticular lamina is most made up of what type of substance/compound?

Answer 10

Type III collagen

Question 11

What anchors the basal lamina to the reticular lamina?

Answer 11

Type VII collagen

Question 12

What 2 components comprise the basal lamina?

Answer 12

Lamina lucida and lamina densa

Question 13

What proteins are found in the lamina lucida?

Answer 13

Integrin and laminin

Question 14

What compounds/substances make up the majority of the lamina densa?

Answer 14

Collagen IV, glycoproteins

Question 15

Does the basement membrane stain PAS positive or negative?

Answer 15

PAS positive (because there are glycoproteins)

Question 16

What are the symptoms and cause of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome (peroneal muscular atrophy)

Answer 16

Symptoms are weakness in legs, calf + hand muscular atrophy, losing heat in hands and feet (pain/cold sensation). Caused by mutation in gene encoding for connexion (temperature sensation is a neural/transduction issue, gap junctions are the only modifications associated with that function)

Question 17

Where is pseudostratified epithelium located?

Answer 17

Lining of trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity, ductus deferens, parts of epididymis

Question 18

Is transitional epithelium stratified or simple?

Answer 18

Stratified

Question 19

Where is transitional epithelium found?

Answer 19

Urethra, bladder, ureters, renal calyces

Question 20

What are the 3 types of exocrine glands?

Answer 20

Merocrine (most common), apocrine, holocrine

Question 21

How do merocrine glands release secretions?

Answer 21

Vesicles

Question 22

How do apocrine glands release secretions?

Answer 22

“Pinching off” of apical portion of cell

Question 23

How do holocrine glands release secretions?

Answer 23

Disintegration

Question 24

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?

Answer 24

Lining blood vessels (endothelium), lining body cavities (mesothelium), respiratory tract (alveoli) and Bowman’s capsule in the kidney

Question 25

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?

Answer 25

Exchange of gases/nutrients (thinner = better for exchange), lubrication, also acts as a barrier. Not really transcriptionally active, surface mods not common.

Question 26

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

Answer 26

Thyroid follicles, surface of the ovary, tubules of kidney, small ducts of exocrine glands

Question 27

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 27

Absorption, secretion, protection

Question 28

Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?

Answer 28

GI tract lining, gallbladder lining, also "some large ducts"

Question 29

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

Answer 29

Absorption, secretion, protection, also lubrication

Question 30

Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

Answer 30

Lining oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina (also skin technically but there it's keratinized)

Question 31

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 31

Protection + secretion

Question 32

Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?

Answer 32

Sweat glands and ducts, also larger ducts of exocrine system

Question 33

What are the functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 33

Absorption and secretion

Question 34

Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?

Answer 34

Largest ducts of exocrine system

Question 35

What are the functions of stratified columnar epithelium?

Answer 35

Protection, absorption, secretion

Question 36

What are some of the functions of microvilli?

Answer 36

Increase surface area, absorption

Question 37

What are microvilli composed of?

Answer 37

Actin filaments

Question 38

Where are microvilli common?

Answer 38

PCT of kidney, small intestine

Question 39

What are cilia composed of?

Answer 39

Microtubules

Question 40

Where are cilia common?

Answer 40

Respiratory tract, Fallopian tubes, sperm

Question 41

What are stereocilia/stereovilli composed of?

Answer 41

Actin filaments

Question 42

What are some of the functions of stereocilia/stereovilli?

Answer 42

Move sperm against gravity in epididymis and vas deferens, but also increase absorption & surface area

Question 43

What proteins are associated with zonula occludens (tight junctions)?

Answer 43

Occludins, claudins, "ZO" proteins

Question 44

What is the function of zonula occludens?

Answer 44

"Occluding" junction, serves as a barrier, separates apical domain of epithelial cell from basolateral domain

Question 45

What proteins are associated with zonula adherens ("belt desmosomes")?

Answer 45

E-cadherin, catenin complexes

Question 46

What is the function of zonula adherens?

Answer 46

Serves as an "anchor" between adjacent cells

Question 47

What proteins are associated with macula adherens ("desmosomes")?

Answer 47

Cadherin family proteins

Question 48

What is the function of macula adherens?

Answer 48

Serves as an "anchor" between cells

Question 49

What proteins are associated with gap junctions?

Answer 49

Connexin

Question 50

What is the function of gap junctions?

Answer 50

Communication between cells

Question 51

What is the function of hemidesmosomes?

Answer 51

Serves as an "anchor" to basal lamina

Question 52

What proteins are associated with hemidemosomes?

Answer 52

Same as desmosomes: cadherin family proteins (i.e. desmoglein, desmocollin)

Question 53

Define endothelium

Answer 53

Lining of blood & lymphatic vessels

Question 54

Define mesothelium

Answer 54

Lining of walls & "closed cavities" of the body (e.g. outside of the heart)

Question 55

Define urothelium

Answer 55

Transitional epithelium

Question 56

Define respiratory epithelium

Answer 56

Lining of most parts of the respiratory tract

Question 57

Describe the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands

Answer 57

Exocrine glands have ducts (secrete to epithelial surface), endocrine glands do not (secrete to bloodstream/vessels)

Question 58

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

Answer 58

Adrenal medulla (endocrine glands), bone marrow (hematopoietic tissue), liver, spleen