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Neuropsych > Taste and smell > Flashcards

Taste and smell Flashcards

1
Q

What are visceral chemoreceptors?

A

Keep track of concentrations of various substances outside of conscious awareness

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2
Q

What are gustatory receptors?

A

Mediate the sense of taste
Not neurons, but release NTs in response to different taste categories

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3
Q

What are olfactory receptors?

A

Mediate the sense of smell

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4
Q

What is unique about the pathway of olfaction?

A

No relay in thalamus
No neocortical projection area

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5
Q

What are the five tastes?

A

Sweet
Sour
Salty
bitter
Umami

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6
Q

What carries the sense of taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani N branch of facial N

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7
Q

What carries the sense of taste for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal N

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8
Q

What carries the sense of taste for the taste buds in other areas of the oral cavity?

A

Vagus N

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9
Q

Where do first order neurons for taste synapse?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius in brainstem

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10
Q

Where do the fibers from the tractus solitarius project to for taste?

A

Through medial lemniscus to the medial of VPM nucleus in thalamus

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11
Q

Where do the fibers from the thalamus for taste project to?

A

Pass through posterior internal capsule to the lower part of the post central gyrus extending to the insula

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12
Q

What Brodmann’s areas are associated with taste sensation?

A

Area 3, 1, and 2

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13
Q

What connections are the basis for emotional and behavioral responses to taste?

A

Connections between tractus solitarius to amygdala and hypothalamus

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14
Q

What is ageusia?

A

Absence of taste

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15
Q

What is hypogeusia?

A

Decreased taste sensation

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16
Q

What is dysgeusia?

A

Disturbed taste sensation

17
Q

Where is the olfactory membrane?

A

Superior part of the nasal cavity

18
Q

What type of nerve cell are olfactory cells?

A

Bipolar neurons derived from CNS

19
Q

What is the function of Bowman glands?

A

Secrete mucus onto surface of olfactory membrane

20
Q

What part of the olfactory cell responds to odorants?

A

Cilia that form a dense mat in the mucus
Odorants bind to a G-protein coupled receptor to convert ATP to cAMP

21
Q

Where do primary olfactory neurons project to?

A

Olfactory bulb

22
Q

What types of cells are found in the olfactory bulb?

A

Mitral
Tufted
Periglomerular
Granule

23
Q

What is the function of mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory bulb?

A

Carry olfaction from olfactory bulb to CNS

24
Q

What are the function of periglomerular and granule cells in the olfactory bulb?

A

Interneurons that integrate and modulate afferent olfactory information
Granule cells also receive inputs from CNS to modulate olfactory afferents

25
Q

What forms the lateral/primary olfactory tract?

A

Axons of mitral and tufted cells

26
Q

Where does the lateral olfactory tract terminate for conscious appreciation of smell?

A

Medial temporal lobe
Basal frontal lobe

27
Q

Where does the anterior olfactory nucleus project?

A

To the contralateral olfactory bulb via anterior commissure - believed to be inhibitory

28
Q

How is smell related to the perception of flavor?

A

Olfactory information passes to adjacent parts of vertebral cortex to combine with taste information

29
Q

What are the components of the sensation of flavor?

A

Direct chemical stimulation of taste buds
Stimulation of olfactory receptors by vapors from food
Stimulation of chemical-sensitive and somatosensory free nerve endings of the trigeminal and other nerves in the mucus membranes of oral and nasal cavities

30
Q

What makes the olfactory pathway unique?

A

Area where CNS has direct contact with external environment
Does not relay on thalamus
No neocortical projection
Olfactory neurons act as receptors themselves
Olfactory neurons can be recycled from stem cells

31
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Absence of smell

32
Q

What is dysosmia?

A

Distorted sense of smell

33
Q

What is parosmia?

A

Perverted or abnormal sense of smell

34
Q

What are the characteristics of Kallmann’s syndrome?

A

Hypogonadism
Complete loss of smell

35
Q

When do see an increased sensitivity for smells?

A

Adrenal insufficiency

36
Q

What is the function of pyramidal cells in the piriform cortex in regards to smell?

A

Olfactory discrimination

37
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus and amygdala in regards to smell?

A

Motivational and emotional aspects of smell

38
Q

What is the function of the entorhinal cortex in relation to smell?

A

Olfactory memories

39
Q

What is the function of the vomeronasal organ?

A

Perception of odors that as pheromones

Neuropsych (20 decks)

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