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Neuropsych > Ear, hearing, and vestibular > Flashcards

Ear, hearing, and vestibular Flashcards

1
Q

What is audition?

A

Process to perceive the frequency and intensity of the sound and its localization in the space

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2
Q

What are the parts of the external ear?

A

Auricle or pinna
External auditory canal

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3
Q

What is the main function of the external ear?

A

Collection and funneling of sound

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4
Q

What are the structures in the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane
Tensor tympani muscle
Stapedius muscle
Ossicles
Eustachian tube
Nerves
Blood vessels
Lymphatics

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5
Q

What are the three ossicles?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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6
Q

What are the functions of the middle ear?

A

Impedance matching
Protection of inner ear structures
Static pressure equilibration
Preferential route of conduction

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7
Q

What is impedance matching?

A

Ability of wave to be transferred from are to liquid in the ear

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8
Q

What aids in impedance matching in the ear?

A

Area of tympanic membrane compared to oval window
Lever advantage formed by malleus on incus

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9
Q

What is the tympanic reflex?

A

Also called attenuation or acoustic reflex

Activated by sounds that are intense, low frequency, and of long duration
Reduces sensitivity to own voice
Contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius

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10
Q

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

Equalize pressure to allow for a state conducive to efficient sound conduction

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11
Q

What are the parts of the inner ear?

A

Cochlea
Vestibular apparatus

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12
Q

What is perilymph?

A

Fluid in bony labyrinth that is similar to ECF

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13
Q

What is endolymph?

A

Fluid in membranous labyrinth that is similar to ICF

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14
Q

What is the receiver for sound waves?

A

Auditory hair cells on the organ of Corti

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15
Q

What are the components of sound?

A

Amplitude
Frequency
Loudness
Pitch

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16
Q

What causes pitch discrimination?

A

Displacement of basilar membrane in organ of Corti

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17
Q

Where does the organ of corti project?

A

To bipolar spiral ganglion to auditory N component of CN VIII to cochlear nucleus

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18
Q

Where does the cochlear nucleus project?

A

Superior olivary nucleus bilaterally

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19
Q

Where does the superior olivary nucleus project for audition?

A

Fibers ascend in lateral lemniscus to inferior colliculus in midbrain

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20
Q

Where does the inferior colliculus project for audition?

A

To medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus to auditory cortex

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21
Q

What are the auditory association areas?

A

22, 21, 20, 42

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22
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex area?

A

41

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23
Q

What areas are concerned with interpretation and integration of auditory impulses?

A

21, 20 and 42

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24
Q

What does the localization of sound depend on?

A

Interaural time difference
Interaural intensity difference

25
Q

Where are the interaural time differences processed?

A

Binaural inputs to medial superior olive

26
Q

Where are the interaural intensity differences processed?

A

Binaural inputs to lateral superior olive and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body

27
Q

What are the two types of hearing loss?

A

Conductive
Sensorineural

28
Q

What systems are involved in the vestibular apparatus?

A

Sensory input from vision
Proprioception
Vestibular system

29
Q

What structures make up the bony labyrinth?

A

Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular canal

30
Q

What structures make up the membranous labyrinth?

A

Cochlear duct
Saccule
Utricle
Semicircular ducts

31
Q

Where is the membranous labyrinth located in the inner ear?

A

Within the bony labyrinth

32
Q

What structures make up the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear?

A

Semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule

33
Q

What is the utricle concerned with?

A

Linear acceleration and static equilibrium in the horizontal dimension

34
Q

What is the saccule concerned with?

A

Linear acceleration and static equilibrium in the vertical dimension

35
Q

What are the semicircular canals concerned with?

A

Angular/rotational acceleration

36
Q

What structure of the labyrinths houses the utricle and saccule?

A

Vestibule

37
Q

What are the sensory receptors in the semicircular canals?

A

Cristae ampullaris

38
Q

What are the sensory receptors in the utricle and saccule?

A

Macula - otolithic organ

39
Q

What are the three semicircular canals?

A

Horizontal/lateral
Superior/anterior
Inferior/posterior

40
Q

What type of cells make up the crista ampullaris?

A

Neuro-sensory epithelial cells (hair cells)
Supporting/sustentacular cells
Cupula

41
Q

What is the cupula?

A

Gelatinous mass that surrounds the hair cells and supporting cells, closing of the ampulla of the semicircular canal

42
Q

What are the two types of micro cilia in the vestibular system?

A

Kinocilium - longest
Stereocilia - length varies

43
Q

What causes hyper- or depolarization?

A

Movement of cilia from the movement of fluid in response to movement of the body

44
Q

What is the equilibratory vestibular statokinetic reflexes?

A

Coordinate eyeball movement with head movements

45
Q

How is the vestibular system related to muscle tone?

A

Maintains muscle tone reflexly through the vestibulospinal tract

46
Q

What makes the otolithic membrane unique?

A

Presence of calcium carbonate crystal called otoliths

47
Q

What is the gravity receptor in the inner ear?

A

Macula

48
Q

What is the innervation of the vestibular apparatus?

A

Vestibular N of CN VII from bipolar vestibular ganglion

49
Q

Where does the vestibular N terminate?

A

Vestibular nuclei

50
Q

Where does the vestibular nuclei project?

A

Through medial longitudinal bundle in ascending to vestibuloocular tract, vestibulocerebellar tract, and vestibulocortical fibers, and descending branches to vestibuloreticular fibers, and descending medial longitudinal fasciculus
Lateral vestibulospinal tract

51
Q

Where do the vestibulocortical fibers project?

A

Temporal lobe

52
Q

Where to the descending medial longitudinal fasciculus fibers from vestibular nuclei project?

A

To cervical segments of spinal cord and lateral vestibulospinal tract

53
Q

Where does the vestibuloocular tract terminate?

A

CN III, IV, and VI cranial nuclei to eyes

54
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellar tract terminate?

A

Flocculonodular lobe

55
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract terminate?

A

Vestibuloreticular fibers

56
Q

What are the functions of the vestibular apparatus?

A

Control of tone, posture, equilibrium
Guide cerebellum with labyrinth impulses
Guide cerebrum for conscious vestibular sensation
Statokinetic reflex
Statotonic reflex

57
Q

What are the effects of a labrinthectomy?

A

Loss of equilibrium
Convulsive eye movements
Profound muscular weakness
Vertigo

58
Q

What are causes of nystagmus?

A

Vestibular nystagmus
Cerebellar nystagmus
Caloric nystagmus
Positional alcohol nystagmus

Neuropsych (20 decks)

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