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Neuropsych > Basal ganglia > Flashcards

Basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

Groups of gray matter within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

What are the general functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Decision to move
Direction of movement
Amplitude of movement
Motor expression of emotions

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3
Q

What are the 3 general components of basal ganglia?

A

Corpus striatum
Amygdaloid body
Claustrum

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4
Q

What are some other nuclei functionally related to the basal ganglia?

A

Subthalamic nuclei
Nucleus accumben’s
Substantia nigra

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5
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen
Globus pallidus

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6
Q

What are the 5 major nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

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7
Q

Where is the head of the caudate nucleus located?

A

Floor of the lateral ventricle

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8
Q

Where is the tail of the caudate nucleus located?

A

Roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

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9
Q

What is the caudate nucleus lateral to?

A

Thalamus
Lateral ventricle

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10
Q

What is the caudate nucleus media to?

A

Internal capsule

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11
Q

What are the general functions of the caudate nucleus?

A

Body posture
Accuracy of directed movements
Memory
Learning
Emotions

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12
Q

What is the location of the substantia nigra?

A

Midbrain between cerebral peduncle and red nucleus

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13
Q

What are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra?

A

Dorsal part - pars compacta
Ventral part - pars reticularis

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14
Q

What are the general functions of the amygdaloid body?

A

Autonomic responses associated with fear
Emotional response
Processing memory

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15
Q

What would be the result of a lesion in the amygdaloid body?

A

Lack of emotional response

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16
Q

What is the location of the amygdaloid body?

A

Temporal lobes
Related to anterior end of inferior horn of lateral ventricles

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17
Q

What is the locations of the claustrum?

A

Lateral to the lentiform nucleus, separated by external capsule

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18
Q

What is the location of the subthalamic nucleus?

A

Dorsomedial to posterior limb of the internal capsule and dorsal to substantia nigra

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19
Q

What is the result of a subthalamic nucleus lesion?

A

Hemiballismus

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20
Q

What arteries give off branches to the basal ganglia?

A

Anterior cerebral A
Middle cerebral A
Posterior cerebral A

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21
Q

What are the main afferents to the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen/striatum

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22
Q

What are the main efferent centers of the basal ganglia?

A

Internal segment of the globus pallidus

23
Q

What are the afferents to the basal ganglia?

A

Corticostriate fibers
Nigrostriatal fibers
Thalamostriate fibers
Brainstem striatal fibers

24
Q

What is the NT of corticostriate fibers?

A

Glutamate - excitatory

25
Q

What is the NT of nigrostriatal fibers?

A

Dopamine

26
Q

What is the NT of thalamostriate fibers?

A

Glutamate - excitatory

27
Q

What is the NT of brainstem striatal fibers?

A

Serotonin

28
Q

What are the main efferents of the basal ganglia?

A

Striatopallidal fibers
Striatonigral fibers

29
Q

What is the NT of the striatopallidal fibers?

A

GABA

30
Q

What are the NTs of the striatonigral fibers?

A

GABA
Ach
Substance P

31
Q

What is the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

Cortex to striatum with glutamate
Striatum to internal segment of globus pallidus with GABA
Globus pallidus to thalamus with GABA
Thalamus to supplementary motor area with glutamate

32
Q

What is the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

Cortex to striatum with glutamate
Striatum to external segment of globus pallidus with GABA
Globus pallidus to subthalamic nucleus with GABA
Subthalamic nucleus to internal segment of globus pallidus with glutamate
Globus pallidus to thalamus with GABA
Thalamus to supplementary motor area with glutamate

33
Q

What is the main difference between indirect and direct pathways of basal ganglia?

A

Direct - excitatory
Indirect - inhibitory

34
Q

What is the result from a lesion of the caudate nucleus?

A

Chorea

35
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Huntington’s disease?

A

Choreiform movements
Progressive dementia

36
Q

What is associated with rheumatic fever?

A

Sydenham chorea

37
Q

What is the inheritance of Huntington’s disease?

A

Autosomal dominant

38
Q

What is found on a brain CT in Huntington’s disease?

A

Enlarged lateral ventricle

39
Q

What is the sign of a lesion of the globus pallidus?

A

Athetosis

40
Q

What are the signs of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Resting tremor
Rigidity - cogwheel
Pill rolling in hands
Loss of facial expression
Stiff, shuffling gait
Stooped posture
General slowing of movements
Bradykinesia

41
Q

Where do corticostriate fibers originate from?

A

From cortex, generally from same side

42
Q

Where do thalamostriate fibers originate from?

A

Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus

43
Q

What are the divisions of the pallidofugal fibers?

A

Ansa lenticularis
Fasciculus lenticularis
Pallidotegmental fibers
Pallidosubthalamic fibers

44
Q

What is not associated with lesions of the basal ganglia?

A

Paralysis

45
Q

Is basal ganglia dysfunction ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Contralateral

46
Q

What are the 3 general types of tremors?

A

Postural - essential
Rest
Intention

47
Q

What are diseases associated with chorea?

A

Huntingon’s disease
Sydenham chorea
Wilson’s disease
Chorea gravidarum

48
Q

What is ballismus?

A

Uncontrollable, unconscious, large amplitude movement

49
Q

What is athetosis?

A

Slow, sinuous, writhing movements most common in distal limbs

50
Q

What are choreiform movements?

A

Spontaneous, uncontrolled, nonrepetitive, involuntary, quick, jerky, irregular movements

51
Q

What are the 3 brainstem nuclei associated with proper emotional and cognitive behavior?

A

Locus ceruleus
Midbrain raphe
Midbrain tegmentum

52
Q

What is caused by a substantia nigra lesion?

A

Parkinson’s disease

53
Q

What are general characteristics of basal ganglia lesions?

A

No paralysis
Rigidity
No atrophy
No fasciculations
Dystonia
Tremor

Neuropsych (20 decks)

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