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Neuropsych > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What produces melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

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2
Q

What regulates the circadian rhythm of sleep?

A

Light from retina to suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus to paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus to the preganglionic SyNS neurons in thoracic segments

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3
Q

What stimulates the pineal gland to make melatonin?

A

Preganglionic SyNS neurons in thoracic segments to superior cervical ganglia to pineal gland

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4
Q

What is melatonin?

A

Sleep promoting neurohornome

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5
Q

How does melatonin influence the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Melatonin receptors on suprachiasmatic nucleus

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6
Q

What are EEG waves?

A

Summated fluctuating electrotonic potentials due to synchronously firing of thousands of neurons

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7
Q

What is signified by beta waves on an EEG?

A

Arousal
Awakening
Focused attention

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8
Q

What is signified by alpha waves on an EEG?

A

Mental relaxation
Closed eyes in darkness
Light sleep

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9
Q

What is signified by theta waves on an EEG?

A

Sleep

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10
Q

What is signified by delta waves on an EEG?

A

Deep sleep

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11
Q

What is a characteristics of beta waves of an EEG?

A

Asynchronized

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12
Q

What is a characteristic of alpha waves on an EEG?

A

Spontaneous, synchronized firing

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13
Q

What are some diagnostic uses of EEG?

A

Sleep disorders
Epilepsy
To determine consequences of intervention
Use in legal situations

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14
Q

What are the two general classifications of sleep?

A

NREM
REM

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15
Q

What are characteristics of non-REM sleep?

A

Slow wave EEG
Brain metabolic rate and temperature are lowest
Restful sleep

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16
Q

What are the stages of non-REM sleep?

A

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4

17
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 1 non-REM sleep?

A

Alpha waves that gradually diminish frequency with occasional sleep spindles

18
Q

What are sleep spindles on an EEG?

A

Short bursts of alpha waves

19
Q

What are characteristics of stage 2 non-REM sleep?

A

Alpha waves that gradually diminish into theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes

19
Q

What are characteristics of stages 3 and 4 non-REM sleep?

A

Atypical delta waves to regular delta waves
Decreased frequency to absence of sleep spindles

20
Q

What are K-complexes on an EEG?

A

High voltage biphasic waves seen during sleep

21
Q

What are ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes on an EEG?

A

Burst firing of neurons in pons, lateral geniculate body, and occipital cortex during REM sleep than seen in awake state

22
Q

What is happening with HR during sleep?

A

Slows during non-REM sleep and increases to almost waking levels in REM sleep

23
Q

What is the effect of non-REM sleep on body functions?

A

Sympathetic outflow decreases
Parasympathetic activity increases
Automatic movements, reflexes may be sluggish
Respiration is slow, deep, and regular
All body functions at a basal level

24
Q

What is the effect of REM sleep on body functions?

A

Increase in neural activity
Beta waves on EEG
Rapid eye movement associated with dreams
Role in learning and memory consolidation
High parasympathetic output
Hypotonia
Inhibited reflexes

25
Q

What inhibits the neurons responsible for the awake state?

A

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

26
Q

What will occur with lesions of the VLPO nucleus of hypothalamus?

A

Insomnia

27
Q

What is the NT associated with sleep in the basal forebrain?

A

Adenosine

28
Q

What NT initiates sleep?

A

Serotonin

29
Q

What NTs initiate REM sleep?

A

Ratio between acetylcholine and norepinephrine

30
Q

What NT is associated with arousal and wakefulness?

A

Dopamine

31
Q

What is somnambulism and in what sleep stage does it occur?

A

Sleepwalking

Stage 4

Neuropsych (20 decks)

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