Sleep Flashcards
What produces melatonin?
Pineal gland
What regulates the circadian rhythm of sleep?
Light from retina to suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus to paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus to the preganglionic SyNS neurons in thoracic segments
What stimulates the pineal gland to make melatonin?
Preganglionic SyNS neurons in thoracic segments to superior cervical ganglia to pineal gland
What is melatonin?
Sleep promoting neurohornome
How does melatonin influence the sleep-wake cycle?
Melatonin receptors on suprachiasmatic nucleus
What are EEG waves?
Summated fluctuating electrotonic potentials due to synchronously firing of thousands of neurons
What is signified by beta waves on an EEG?
Arousal
Awakening
Focused attention
What is signified by alpha waves on an EEG?
Mental relaxation
Closed eyes in darkness
Light sleep
What is signified by theta waves on an EEG?
Sleep
What is signified by delta waves on an EEG?
Deep sleep
What is a characteristics of beta waves of an EEG?
Asynchronized
What is a characteristic of alpha waves on an EEG?
Spontaneous, synchronized firing
What are some diagnostic uses of EEG?
Sleep disorders
Epilepsy
To determine consequences of intervention
Use in legal situations
What are the two general classifications of sleep?
NREM
REM
What are characteristics of non-REM sleep?
Slow wave EEG
Brain metabolic rate and temperature are lowest
Restful sleep
What are the stages of non-REM sleep?
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
What are the characteristics of stage 1 non-REM sleep?
Alpha waves that gradually diminish frequency with occasional sleep spindles
What are sleep spindles on an EEG?
Short bursts of alpha waves
What are characteristics of stage 2 non-REM sleep?
Alpha waves that gradually diminish into theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes
What are characteristics of stages 3 and 4 non-REM sleep?
Atypical delta waves to regular delta waves
Decreased frequency to absence of sleep spindles
What are K-complexes on an EEG?
High voltage biphasic waves seen during sleep
What are ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes on an EEG?
Burst firing of neurons in pons, lateral geniculate body, and occipital cortex during REM sleep than seen in awake state
What is happening with HR during sleep?
Slows during non-REM sleep and increases to almost waking levels in REM sleep
What is the effect of non-REM sleep on body functions?
Sympathetic outflow decreases
Parasympathetic activity increases
Automatic movements, reflexes may be sluggish
Respiration is slow, deep, and regular
All body functions at a basal level
What is the effect of REM sleep on body functions?
Increase in neural activity
Beta waves on EEG
Rapid eye movement associated with dreams
Role in learning and memory consolidation
High parasympathetic output
Hypotonia
Inhibited reflexes
What inhibits the neurons responsible for the awake state?
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
What will occur with lesions of the VLPO nucleus of hypothalamus?
Insomnia
What is the NT associated with sleep in the basal forebrain?
Adenosine
What NT initiates sleep?
Serotonin
What NTs initiate REM sleep?
Ratio between acetylcholine and norepinephrine
What NT is associated with arousal and wakefulness?
Dopamine
What is somnambulism and in what sleep stage does it occur?
Sleepwalking
Stage 4
