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Neuropsych > Limbic system > Flashcards

Limbic system Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

Made up of cortical and subcortical structures in the medial and inferior regions of the cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

What functions are related to the limbic system?

A

Emotion
Motivation
Olfaction
Emotional association with memory

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3
Q

What cortical structures make up the limbic lobe?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus
Cingulate gyrus
Subcallosal gyrus

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4
Q

What connects the cortical areas of the limbic lobe?

A

Cingulum

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5
Q

What are the subcortical structures of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Septal nuclei
Anterior nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus accumbens

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6
Q

What types of behaviors are coordinated by the hypothalamus?

A

Drive-related behaviors

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7
Q

What can occur with hypothalamus impairment?

A

Aggressive behavior
Feeling over-stressed
Hypo- or hyperthermia
Fatigue
Weight gain or loss
Hypo- or hyperactive sex drive

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8
Q

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

A

Memory centers - formation of episodic memories

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9
Q

What are secondary functions of the hippocampus?

A

Role in spatial navigation
Associated with learning and emotions

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10
Q

What are the two areas where neurogenesis occurs?

A

Hippocampus
Olfactory cortex

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11
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala?

A

Emotional responses
Attaches emotional content to memories
Linked to fear response

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12
Q

What can occur with damage to the amygdala?

A

Increased aggression
Irritability
Loss of emotional control
Difficulty recognizing emotions, fear in particular

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13
Q

What is connected by the fornix?

A

Connects hippocampus to mammillary body

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14
Q

What is connected by the medial forebrain bundle?

A

Connects hypothalamus to olfactory cortex, septum, midbrain, reticular formation, medulla, and neocortex

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15
Q

What are the parts of the Papez circuit?

A

Cingulate gyrus to hippocampus to fornix to mammillary body to mammillothalamic tract to anterior nucleus of thalamus to cingulate gyrus

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16
Q

What is the role of the Papez circuit?

A

Formation of emotion and consolidation of episodic memory

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17
Q

What is connected by the longitudinal stria?

A

Hippocampus with septal area

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18
Q

What is connected by the stria terminalis?

A

Amygdala with ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarius

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19
Q

What function is associated with the stria terminalis?

A

Emotional control of food intake

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20
Q

What function is associated with the longitudinal stria?

A

Pleasure and memory

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21
Q

What function is associated with the fornix?

A

Emotion and memory

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22
Q

What function is associated with the medial forebrain bundle?

A

Behavior and motivation

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23
Q

What is connected by the diagonal band of Broca?

A

Amygdala to septal area

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24
Q

What function is associated with the diagonal band of Broca?

A

Pleasure and emotion

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25
Q

What function is associated with direct amygdalo-hypothalamic fibers?

A

Emotion and autonomic functions

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26
Q

What is the function of the mammillary body?

A

Formation of memory

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27
Q

What is the function of the septal area?

A

Important pleasure area of brain

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28
Q

What is the function of nucleus accumbens?

A

Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction
Pleasure center

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29
Q

What are the sections of the limbic cortex?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex
Olfactory gyrus
Cingulate gyrus

30
Q

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Required for decision making

31
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Maternal behavior and emotion

32
Q

What can cause anterograde amnesia?

A

Bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus

33
Q

Where does the neuronal degeneration of Alzheimer’s disease begin?

A

Hippocampus

34
Q

What causes Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Bilateral lesions of amygdala and hippocampus

35
Q

What are the features of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Tameness
Loss of fear
Decreased aggression
Oral tendency
Change in dietary habits
Visual defects
Excessive sex drive
Placidity
Psychic blindness
Hypermetamorphosis
Anterograde amnesia

36
Q

What is hypermetamorphosis?

A

Excessive attentiveness to visual stimuli with a tendency to touch every stimulus

37
Q

What is Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Memory disorder is caused from a vit B1 deficiency
Associated with alcoholism

38
Q

What are the features of Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia
confabulation

39
Q

What are the 3 mental components of emotion?

A

Cognition
Affect
Conation

40
Q

What is conation?

A

The urge to act

41
Q

What are the fear inducing areas?

A

Posterior hypothalamus
Amygdala

42
Q

What are the two physical modalities of emotion?

A

Exteriorization
Interiorization

43
Q

What are the inducing areas for rage?

A

Periventricular area and the fibers connecting it with hypothalamus

44
Q

What are the inhibiting areas for rage?

A

Neocortex, septum, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus

45
Q

What is sham rage?

A

Only a physical component, mental components are absent
Shows rage for any type of stimulus

46
Q

What causes sham rage?

A

Diencephalic and forebrain lesions

47
Q

What are the inducing areas for placidity and tameness?

A

Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
Nucleus accumbens
Septal area
Amygdala

48
Q

What is a primary motivated behavior?

A

Related directly to maintaining homeostasis

49
Q

What is a secondary motivated behavior?

A

Indirectly helps to achieve homeostasis
Influenced by habit, learning, intellect, and emotional factors

50
Q

What are the reward areas of the brain?

A

Prefrontal cortex
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Medial forebrain bundle
Nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmentum area and their interconnections
Dorsal brain stem area

51
Q

What are the avoidance areas of the brain?

A

Lateral portion of posterior hypothalamus
Dorsal mid-brain gray area (periventricular area)
Entorhinal cortex

52
Q

What can cause an increase in sexual activity?

A

Lesion of piriform cortex and amygdala

53
Q

What is neuronal/synaptic plasticity?

A

Structural and functional changes at a synaptic level
The basis for learning and memory

54
Q

What are the types of synaptic plasticity?

A

Post-tetanic potentiation
Habituation
Sensitization
Long-term potentiation
Long-term depression

55
Q

What is post-tetanic potentiation?

A

Application of same stimulus repeatedly increases the post-synaptic response

56
Q

What is habituation?

A

Repeated stimulus decreases post-synaptic response

57
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Habituated stimulus paired with a noxious stimulus repeatedly causes augmented postsynaptic response

58
Q

What is long-term pontentiation?

A

Repeated stimulation of presynaptic neuron enhances synaptic transmission

59
Q

What is long-term depression?

A

Repeated stimulation of presynaptic neuron decreases synaptic strength

60
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

Learn about a single stimulus
Inborn reflex

61
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

Acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information

62
Q

What are the two forms of short-term memory?

A

Instantaneous memory
Working memory

63
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A

Declarative/conscious memory
Non-declarative/unconscious /procedural memory

64
Q

What type of memory is affected by electrical shock?

A

Short-term

65
Q

What type of memory is affected by a temporal lobe lesion?

A

Short-term

66
Q

What are the two forms of explicit memory?

A

Episodic
Semantic

67
Q

What are other names for explicit memory?

A

Declarative memory
Conscious memory
Recognition memory
Awareness memory
Episodic and semantic memory

68
Q

Where is explicit memory encoded?

A

Hippocampus

69
Q

What are other names for implicit memory?

A

Non-declarative memory
Unconscious memory
Reflexive memory
Habit memory
Procedural memory

70
Q

Where is implicit memory encoded?

A

Cerebellum and striatum

71
Q

What is confabulation?

A

Describing of events that never occurred to fill a memory gap

Neuropsych (20 decks)

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