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Neuro3400 > TA Final Review Slides: Unit 5 > Flashcards

TA Final Review Slides: Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a special sense?

A. Gustation
B. Vision
C. Hearing
D. Tactile (touch)
E. Olfaction
F. Equilibrium

A

D. Tactile (touch)

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2
Q

Which of the following are where proprioceptors are located? (Answer with multiple letters)

A. Cardiac muscles
B. Skeletal muscles
C. Tendons
D. Visceral Organs
E. Joint

A

B. Skeletal muscles
C. Tendons
E. Joint

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3
Q

Which part of the tongue would contain receptors that could detect salty and sour tastants?

A. Tip of the tongue
B. Back of the tongue
C. Sides of the tongue

A

C. Sides of the tongue

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4
Q

Which part of the tongue would contain receptors that could detect sweatness tastants?

A. Tip of the tongue
B. Back of the tongue
C. Sides of the tongue

A

A. Tip of the tongue

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5
Q

Which part of the tongue would contain receptors that could detect bitterness tastants?

A. Tip of the tongue
B. Back of the tongue
C. Sides of the tongue

A

B. Back of the tongue

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6
Q

True or False: Papillae are taste buds.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False
Taste buds are the taste receptor cells, basal cells, and taste pores

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7
Q

Which of the following are NOT true neurons?

A. Gustatory afferent axons
B. Taste receptor cells
C. Olfactory receptor cells
D. Hair cells
E. Spinal ganglion cells
F. Photoreceptors
G. All of these are true neurons

A

B. Taste receptor cells
D. Hair cells

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8
Q

Are Gustatory afferent axons true neurons?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Are Taste receptor cells true neurons?

A

No

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10
Q

Are Olfactory receptor cells true neurons?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Are hair cells true neurons?

A

No

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12
Q

Are Spiral ganglion cells true neurons?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Are Photoreceptors true neurons?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Which tastant(s) transduce taste via GPCRs?

A. Salty
B. Sour
C. Bitter
D. Sweet
E. Umami
F. None of these choices

A

C. Bitter
D. Sweet
E. Umami

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15
Q

Umami uses ______ GPCR genes.

A. T1R1+T1R3
B. T1R1+T1R2
C. T1R2+T1R3
D. T2Rs

A

A. T1R1+T1R3

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16
Q

Besides the use of GPCRs, which of the following provides additional differing factors between sour/salty transduction and bitter/sweet/umami transduction?

I. The presence of intracellular CA2+ stores bitter/ sweet/ umami taste cells

II. Voltage-gated NA+ channels in sour and salty taste cells

III. ATP is released from bitter/ sweet/ umami taste cells

IV. ATP is released from sour and salty taste cells

V. Serotonin is released from bitter/ sweet/ umami taste cells

VI. Serotonin is released from sour and salty taste cells.

A

I. The presence of intracellular CA2+ stores bitter/ sweet/ umami taste cells

II. Voltage-gated NA+ channels in sour and salty taste cells

III. ATP is released from bitter/ sweet/ umami taste cells

VI. Serotonin is released from sour and salty taste cells.

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17
Q

Someone with impairment to their central taste pathway would likely have damage to which cranial nerve?

A. CN VII
B. CN V
C. CN X
D. CN IX
E. All of the above
F. A, B and C
G. A, C and D

A

G. A, C and D

CN VII: Facial nerve
CN X: Vagus
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal

18
Q

The 3 cranial nerves in the central taste pathway first synapse with _____in the____.

A. Ventral Posterior medial (VPM) nucleus; medulla oblongata

B. VPM; nucleus of the thalamus

C. Gustatory nucleus; medulla oblongata

D. Gustatory nucleus; nucleus of the thalamus

A

C. Gustatory nucleus; medulla oblongata

19
Q

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

A

Parietal lobe

20
Q

Where is the primary Olfactory cortex located?

A

Temporal lobe

21
Q

Where is the secondary olfactory cortex located?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

22
Q

Where is the primary vision cortex located?

A

Occipital lobe

23
Q

Where is the primary hearing cortex located?

A

Temporal lobe

24
Q

Where is the primary equilibrium cortex located?

A

Parietal lobe

25
Q

What is the FINAL factor in the mechanisms of olfactory transduction that leads to membrane depolarization and subsequent firing of action potentials?

A. cAMP causing an influx of Ca2+ and Na+

B. Additional influx of Ca2+ causing an efflux of Cl-

C. Odor activating the olfactory G-proteins (Golf) of the olfactory cell, directly causing influx of Na+ via binding of its alpha subunit to an Na+ channel

D. Production of cAMP stimulated by binding of an odor to Golf, since it will bind to Cl- channels and cause Cl- efflux

A

B. Additional influx of Ca2+ causing an efflux of Cl-

26
Q

Which of the special senses does not always have a thalamic relay?

A. Vision
B. Hearing
C. Gustation
D. Olfaction
E. Equilibrium

A

D. Olfaction

27
Q

What are the two targets that the olfactory bulb sends projections to, and which involves the thalamic relay? (two choices are correct)

A. Primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe; involves thalamic relay

B. Primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe; direct link, bypasses the thalamus

C. Orbitofrontal cortex; involves thalamic relay

D. Orbital cortex; direct link, bypasses the thalamus

A

B. Primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe; direct link, bypasses the thalamus

C. Orbitofrontal cortex; involves thalamic relay

28
Q

Similar to Gustation, there are also relays in the olfaction that include the_____ and/ or the ____ that function to provide additional neural circuits between olfaction and things such as hedonic value, memory and so on.

A. Limbic system; hypothalamus

B. Limbic system; medulla

C. Hypothalamus; medulla

D. Hypothalamus; VPM nucleus of thalamus

A

A. Limbic system; hypothalamus

29
Q

Light first stimulates which layer of the retina? (information flow NOT light pathway)

A. Outer plexiform layer
B. Layer of photoreceptor outer segments
C. Ganglion layer cell
D. Pigmented epithelium

A

B. Layer of photoreceptor outer segments

30
Q

___ cells of the retina form____connections and have modulatory functions. (more than one is true)

A. Amacrine cells; lateral
B. Amacrine cells; vertical
C. Bipolar cells; lateral
D. Bipolar cells; vertical
E. Horizontal cells; lateral
F. Horizontal cells; vertical

A

A. Amacrine cells; lateral

E. Horizontal cells; lateral

31
Q

The central fovea of the retina is composed of _____.

A. Both rods and cones
B. No rods or cones
C. Only rods
D. Only cones

A

D. Only cones

32
Q

Rhodopsin, a light-activated GPCR in rods, is activated once it is hit by photons. It converts theses photons into chemical signals, leading to isomerization of retinal from its ____ confirmation to its____confirmation.

A. Trans; cis
B. Cis; trans

A

B. Cis; trans

33
Q

In the dark, the disk membrane of rods is ____ and glutamate___ released, ____ bipolar neurons.

A. Hyperpolarized; is not; inhibiting
B. Depolarozed; is; exciting
C. Depolarized; is; inhibiting
D. Depolarized; is not; inhibiting

A

C. Depolarized; is; inhibiting

34
Q

Once the axons of the optic nerve (CN III) cross the optic chiasm, they’re referred to as_____.

A. Still optic nerves…
B. Retinal fibers
C. The optic tract

A

C. The optic tract

35
Q

Pupil constriction is a response mediated by the _____nervous system and is mediated by cranial nerve_______.

A. Parasympathetic; CN II (oculomotor)

B. Parasympathetic; CN II (optic)

C. Sympathetic; CN III (oculomotor)

D. Sympathetic; CN II (Optic)

A

A. Parasympathetic; CN II (oculomotor)

36
Q

Which of the following are ways in which perilymph and endolymph differ?

I. endolymph is the fluid in the scala media (and thus surrounds the inner and outer hair cells)

II. Endolymph has a higher K+ concentration, so cells are depolarized by K+ influx rather than Na+

III. Perilymph is the fluid the scala vestibule and scala tympani

IV. Perilymph fluid pulsates when the oval window vibrates, and is responsible for the transmitting those sound wave vibrations to the endolymph (which then transmits them to the hair cells.

A

All the above

37
Q

What are the auditory receptor cells called and where are they located?

A. Stapes, middle ear in the spiral ganglion

B. Hair cells; outer ear in the organ of corti

C. Stereocilia;inner ear in the spiral ganglion

D. Stereocilia; outer ear in the organ of corti

E. Hair cells; inner ear in the organ of corti

A

E. Hair cells; inner ear in the organ of corti

38
Q

At the base (i.e0 the side closest to the stapes) of the organ of corti, _____ frequencies are “captured” by the hair cells, whereas the apec of organ of corti,____frequencies are transmitted.

A. Lower, higher
B. Higher, lower

A

B. Higher, lower

39
Q

Which of the following are correct statements?

A. There is high Na+ in the endolymph

B. The tympanic membrane is the boundary between the middle and inner ear

C. Both auditory and vesitbular hair cells are considered neurons

D. only one side of the brain receives input from the ear on the same side

E. The outer bony labrynth contains the perilymph and is in the outer ear

A

B. The tympanic membrane is the boundary between the middle and inner ear

40
Q

Which auditory pathway is correct?

A. Sound wave, auditory nerve, cochlear nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus, auditory cortex (temporal)

B. Cohclear hair cells, cochlear nerve. medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus, auditory cortex

C. Clohclear hair cells, cochlear nucleus, auditory nerve, superior olivary complex, auditory cortex (temporal)

D. Sound waves, hair cells, spiral ganglion, auditory nerve, medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus, auditory cortex (temporal)

A

D. Sound waves, hair cells, spiral ganglion, auditory nerve, medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus, auditory cortex (temporal)

41
Q

____ can occur when otolith stones flow into another semicircular canal and push up against the capula.

A. Severe ear pains
B. Hearing loss
C. Vertigo
D. Impaired eye movement

A

C. Vertigo

42
Q

The _____ controls head-neck movements.

A. Medial geniculate nucleus
B. Medial vestibular nucleus
C. Lateral vestibular nucleus
D. Lateral thalamic nucleus

A

B. Medial vestibular nucleus

Neuro3400 (36 decks)

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