Neurotransmitters: deck 2 (Unit 3) Flashcards
What neurotransmitters are classified as Monoamines?
Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine
What Monoamines are Catecholamines?
Dopamine and Norepinephrine
What neurotransmitters are Catecholamines?
Dopamine and Norepinephrine
What neurotransmitters are classified as Amino acids?
GABA
Glutamate
Glycine
Aspartate
Where is Acetylcholine (ACh) found?
Motor Neuron
Brain: basal ganglia and nucleus basalis of Meynert
Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic ns
What diseases is Acetylcholine (ACh) used to treat?
Two diseases associated with memory:
Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia
What neurotransmitter is used to treat the memory-related diseases Alzheimer’s and Dementia?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
What are Acetylcholine’s (ACh) ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Ionotropic –> nicotinic receptors, excitatory
Metabotropic –> muscarinic receptors, excitatory or inhibitory
Acetylcholine’s Inotropic receptors are __________ and exhibit ________ response.
muscarinic receptors; excitatory
muscarinic receptor; inhibitory
muscarinic receptor; excitatory or inhibitory
nicotinic receptors; excitatory
nicotinic receptors; inhibitory
nicotinic receptors; excitatory or inhibitory
nicotinic receptors; excitatory
Acetylcholine’s metabotropic receptors are __________ and exhibit ________ response.
muscarinic receptors; excitatory
muscarinic receptor; inhibitory
muscarinic receptor; excitatory or inhibitory
nicotinic receptors; excitatory
nicotinic receptors; inhibitory
nicotinic receptors; excitatory or inhibitory
muscarinic receptor; excitatory or inhibitory
What is an ionotropic receptor?
a ligand channel activated by direct ion action
What is a metabotropic receptor?
Activation of a channel by indirect ion action
What are the two Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors?
Nicotinic receptor
Muscarinic receptor
Where is Serotonin (5-HT) found?
brain and brain stem:
pineal gland
raphe nuclei in the pons
limbic function (emotion/mood, hunger, sex, instincts, temp) sleep
What functions are Serotonin (5-HT) involved in?
limbic function (emotion/mood, hunger, sex, instincts, temp) sleep
What is Serotonin (5-HT) used to treat?
Depression and Sleep regulation (limbic function)
How is Serotonin (5-HT) used to treat depression?
using a class of anti-depressants called SSRI
SSRI: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhbitionors
What is an SSRI?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhbitionors
What are Serotonin’s (5-HT) ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Ionotropic: 5-HT3 receptor, excitatory
Metabotropic: 5-HT1-7 receptor excitatory or inhibitory
What are Serotonin’s receptors?
5-HT3: excitatory
5-HT1-7: excitatory or inhibitory
Where is Dopamine found?
brain and brain stem:
substantia nigra (reward, addiction, movement)
hypothalamus (inhibits prolactin release)
What are the functions are related to Dopamine?
reward, addiction, and movement
What diseases are caused by Dopamine imbalances?
Schizophrenia
Psychosis
What disease is associated with an absence of dopamine?
Parkinson’s disease
What diseases is Dopamine used to treat?
Schizophrenia
Psychosis
Parkinson’s disease
What disease is associated with an excess of Dopamine?
Schizophrenia
Psychosis
What are Dopamine’s ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Ionotropic: none
Metabotropic:
D1, excitatory (K+/CA2+)
D2, inhibitory (K+/CA2+)
What are Dopamine’s receptors?
D1, excitatory (K+/CA2+)
D2, inhibitory (K+/CA2+)
Where is Norepinephrine?
Brain: Locus ceruleus, projecting to cortex
Autonomic NS: Sympathetic neurons (final product, postganglionic neurons)
What functions are related to Norepinephrine?
arousal, attention, and anxiety
What is Norepinephrine used to treat?
ADHD: regain focus and attention
Anxiety: reduce arousal
Cardiac failure: increased heart rate
What are Norepinephrine’s ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Ionotropic: none
Metabotropic:
alpha 1 and beta 1 (excitatory)
alpha 2 and beta 2 (inhibitory)
What are Norepinephrine’s receptors?
alpha 1 and beta 1 (excitatory)
alpha 2 and beta 2 (inhibitory)
Where is Glutamate found?
Excites everything in the CNS:
Cerebral Cortex
Spinal Cord
Brain stem
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
What are the functions of Glutamate?
Excites everything in the CNS: motor, sensory and cognitive neurons
What is Glutamate used to treat?
ALS, Lou Gehrig’s disease:
excites: motor, sensory, and cognitive neurons
What is the consequence of too much Glutamate?
over excitatory neurons leading them to be damaged or killed
What are Glutamates ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
ionotropic: NMDA, AMPA and Kainate receptor
metabotropic: Gs and Gq pathways
What are Glutamate’s receptors?
all excitatory:
NMDA
AMPA
Kainate
GS and GQ pathways
Where is GABA found?
** Predominately in interneurons
inhibits everything in CNS:
Cerebral Cortex
Spinal Cord
Brainstem
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Basal Ganglia
What are the functions of GABA?
inhibits everything in CNS: motor, sensory, and cognitive neurons
What neurotransmitter is predominately in interneurons?
GABA
What is GABA used to treat?
anxiety
rehab for drug use
What is GABA used for?
sedation
muscular relaxation
cardiorespiratory relaxation
inhibits pain
inhibits reflex
What are GABA’s ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
BOTH INHIBIT
ionotropic: GABA(A) receptor (Cl- ligand-gated channel)
metabotropic: GABA(B) receptor (decreases cAMP and increases K channels)
What are GABA’s receptors?
BOTH INHIBIT
GABA(A) receptor (Cl- ligand-gated channel)
GABA(B) receptor (decreases cAMP and increases K channels)
What do GABA (A) receptors do?
Cl- ligand-gated channel
Which describes GABA (A) receptors?
Cl- ligand-gated channel
decreases cAMP and increases K channels
Cl- ligand-gated channel
What do GABA (B) receptors do?
decreases cAMP and increases K channels
Which describes GABA (B) receptors?
Cl- ligand-gated channel
decreases cAMP and increases K channels
decreases cAMP and increases K channels
What is the universal excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
What is the universal inhibitory neurotransmitter?
GABA
Where is Glycine found?
in spinal cord
inhibits spinal cord interneurons
What functions does Glycine exhibit?
inhibits spinal cord interneurons
What is Glycine used to treat?
Spasticity
Cerebral palsy?
metabolic disorders in patients with cardiovascular diseases, several inflammatory diseases, obesity, cancers, and diabetes
What are Glycines ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
ionotropic: Cl- channel (inhibitory)
metabotropic: none
What are Glycine’s receptors?
Cl-channel (inhibitory)
