Neurotransmitters: deck 2 (Unit 3)

Question 1

What neurotransmitters are classified as Monoamines?

Answer 1

Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine

Question 2

What Monoamines are Catecholamines?

Answer 2

Dopamine and Norepinephrine

Question 3

What neurotransmitters are Catecholamines?

Answer 3

Dopamine and Norepinephrine

Question 4

What neurotransmitters are classified as Amino acids?

Answer 4

GABA
Glutamate
Glycine
Aspartate

Question 5

Where is Acetylcholine (ACh) found?

Answer 5

Motor Neuron
Brain: basal ganglia and nucleus basalis of Meynert
Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic ns

Question 6

What diseases is Acetylcholine (ACh) used to treat?

Answer 6

Two diseases associated with memory:
Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia

Question 7

What neurotransmitter is used to treat the memory-related diseases Alzheimer’s and Dementia?

Answer 7

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 8

What are Acetylcholine’s (ACh) ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 8

Ionotropic –> nicotinic receptors, excitatory
Metabotropic –> muscarinic receptors, excitatory or inhibitory

Question 9

Acetylcholine’s Inotropic receptors are __________ and exhibit ________ response.

muscarinic receptors; excitatory
muscarinic receptor; inhibitory
muscarinic receptor; excitatory or inhibitory
nicotinic receptors; excitatory
nicotinic receptors; inhibitory
nicotinic receptors; excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 9

nicotinic receptors; excitatory

Question 10

Acetylcholine’s metabotropic receptors are __________ and exhibit ________ response.

muscarinic receptors; excitatory
muscarinic receptor; inhibitory
muscarinic receptor; excitatory or inhibitory
nicotinic receptors; excitatory
nicotinic receptors; inhibitory
nicotinic receptors; excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 10

muscarinic receptor; excitatory or inhibitory

Question 11

What is an ionotropic receptor?

Answer 11

a ligand channel activated by direct ion action

Question 12

What is a metabotropic receptor?

Answer 12

Activation of a channel by indirect ion action

Question 13

What are the two Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors?

Answer 13

Nicotinic receptor
Muscarinic receptor

Question 14

Where is Serotonin (5-HT) found?

Answer 14

brain and brain stem:
pineal gland
raphe nuclei in the pons
limbic function (emotion/mood, hunger, sex, instincts, temp) sleep

Question 15

What functions are Serotonin (5-HT) involved in?

Answer 15

limbic function (emotion/mood, hunger, sex, instincts, temp) sleep

Question 16

What is Serotonin (5-HT) used to treat?

Answer 16

Depression and Sleep regulation (limbic function)

Question 17

How is Serotonin (5-HT) used to treat depression?

Answer 17

using a class of anti-depressants called SSRI
SSRI: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhbitionors

Question 18

What is an SSRI?

Answer 18

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhbitionors

Question 19

What are Serotonin’s (5-HT) ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 19

Ionotropic: 5-HT3 receptor, excitatory
Metabotropic: 5-HT1-7 receptor excitatory or inhibitory

Question 20

What are Serotonin’s receptors?

Answer 20

5-HT3: excitatory
5-HT1-7: excitatory or inhibitory

Question 21

Where is Dopamine found?

Answer 21

brain and brain stem:
substantia nigra (reward, addiction, movement)
hypothalamus (inhibits prolactin release)

Question 22

What are the functions are related to Dopamine?

Answer 22

reward, addiction, and movement

Question 23

What diseases are caused by Dopamine imbalances?

Answer 23

Schizophrenia
Psychosis

Question 24

What disease is associated with an absence of dopamine?

Answer 24

Parkinson’s disease

Question 25

What diseases is Dopamine used to treat?

Answer 25

Schizophrenia Psychosis Parkinson's disease

Question 26

What disease is associated with an excess of Dopamine?

Answer 26

Schizophrenia Psychosis

Question 27

What are Dopamine's ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 27

Ionotropic: none Metabotropic: D1, excitatory (K+/CA2+) D2, inhibitory (K+/CA2+)

Question 28

What are Dopamine's receptors?

Answer 28

D1, excitatory (K+/CA2+) D2, inhibitory (K+/CA2+)

Question 29

Where is Norepinephrine?

Answer 29

Brain: Locus ceruleus, projecting to cortex Autonomic NS: Sympathetic neurons (final product, postganglionic neurons)

Question 30

What functions are related to Norepinephrine?

Answer 30

arousal, attention, and anxiety

Question 31

What is Norepinephrine used to treat?

Answer 31

ADHD: regain focus and attention Anxiety: reduce arousal Cardiac failure: increased heart rate

Question 32

What are Norepinephrine's ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 32

Ionotropic: none Metabotropic: alpha 1 and beta 1 (excitatory) alpha 2 and beta 2 (inhibitory)

Question 33

What are Norepinephrine's receptors?

Answer 33

alpha 1 and beta 1 (excitatory) alpha 2 and beta 2 (inhibitory)

Question 34

Where is Glutamate found?

Answer 34

Excites everything in the CNS: Cerebral Cortex Spinal Cord Brain stem Hippocampus Cerebellum

Question 35

What are the functions of Glutamate?

Answer 35

Excites everything in the CNS: motor, sensory and cognitive neurons

Question 36

What is Glutamate used to treat?

Answer 36

ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease: excites: motor, sensory, and cognitive neurons

Question 37

What is the consequence of too much Glutamate?

Answer 37

over excitatory neurons leading them to be damaged or killed

Question 38

What are Glutamates ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 38

ionotropic: NMDA, AMPA and Kainate receptor metabotropic: Gs and Gq pathways

Question 39

What are Glutamate's receptors?

Answer 39

all excitatory: NMDA AMPA Kainate GS and GQ pathways

Question 40

Where is GABA found?

Answer 40

** Predominately in interneurons inhibits everything in CNS: Cerebral Cortex Spinal Cord Brainstem Hippocampus Cerebellum Basal Ganglia

Question 41

What are the functions of GABA?

Answer 41

inhibits everything in CNS: motor, sensory, and cognitive neurons

Question 42

What neurotransmitter is predominately in interneurons?

Answer 42

GABA

Question 43

What is GABA used to treat?

Answer 43

anxiety rehab for drug use

Question 44

What is GABA used for?

Answer 44

sedation muscular relaxation cardiorespiratory relaxation inhibits pain inhibits reflex

Question 45

What are GABA's ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 45

BOTH INHIBIT ionotropic: GABA(A) receptor (Cl- ligand-gated channel) metabotropic: GABA(B) receptor (decreases cAMP and increases K channels)

Question 46

What are GABA's receptors?

Answer 46

BOTH INHIBIT GABA(A) receptor (Cl- ligand-gated channel) GABA(B) receptor (decreases cAMP and increases K channels)

Question 47

What do GABA (A) receptors do?

Answer 47

Cl- ligand-gated channel

Question 48

Which describes GABA (A) receptors? Cl- ligand-gated channel decreases cAMP and increases K channels

Answer 48

Cl- ligand-gated channel

Question 49

What do GABA (B) receptors do?

Answer 49

decreases cAMP and increases K channels

Question 50

Which describes GABA (B) receptors? Cl- ligand-gated channel decreases cAMP and increases K channels

Answer 50

decreases cAMP and increases K channels

Question 51

What is the universal excitatory neurotransmitter?

Answer 51

Glutamate

Question 52

What is the universal inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Answer 52

GABA

Question 53

Where is Glycine found?

Answer 53

in spinal cord inhibits spinal cord interneurons

Question 54

What functions does Glycine exhibit?

Answer 54

inhibits spinal cord interneurons

Question 55

What is Glycine used to treat?

Answer 55

Spasticity Cerebral palsy? metabolic disorders in patients with cardiovascular diseases, several inflammatory diseases, obesity, cancers, and diabetes

Question 56

What are Glycines ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 56

ionotropic: Cl- channel (inhibitory) metabotropic: none

Question 57

What are Glycine's receptors?

Answer 57

Cl-channel (inhibitory)