Assignment #7: Motor, ANS, Endocrine, Learning & Memory

Question 1

Damage to the upper motor neuron below the pyramid (decussation site) in the lateral corticospinal pathway on one side affects movement in:

A) the contralateral limbs

B) the ipsilateral limbs

C) the contralateral trunk

D) the ipsilateral trunk

Answer 1

B) the ipsilateral limbs

Question 2

Which of the following is a direct motor pathway?

A) Anterior corticospinal tract

B) Corticobulbar tract

C) Lateral corticospinal tract

D) Both anterior corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

E) All of the above

Answer 2

E) All of the above

Question 3

Which is NOT a target of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A) Cardiac muscle

B) Glands

C) Skeletal muscle

D) Smooth muscle

E) All of the above are targets of the ANS

Answer 3

C) Skeletal muscle

Question 4

Which of these normally have the shortest preganglionic axons?

A) Sympathetic division

B) Parasymphathetic division

C) Somatic motor neurons

D) All neurons have the same length of axons

E) None of the above

Answer 4

A) Sympathetic division

Question 5

Dual innervation indicates that an effector receives inputs from:

A) preganglionic and postganglionic divisions.

B) bi-ganglionic excitation.

C) parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

D) reciprocal innervation.

Answer 5

C) parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

Question 6

What type of neurotransmitter is used by the pathway represented in the figure below?
[Cell body in dorsal horn of spinal cord, emerging through dorsal root, synapsing on a muscle fiber.]

A) Norepinepherine

B) Acetylcholine

C) Epinepherine

D) Dopamine

E) Serotonin

Answer 6

B) Acetylcholine

Question 7

What connects hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A) infundibulum

B) corpus callosum

C) anterior commisure

D) cerebral cortex

Answer 7

A) infundibulum

Question 8

Secretion of many anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by other hormones from __________.

A) pancreatic lobes

B) adrenal gland

C) hypothalamus

D) thyroid gland

Answer 8

C) hypothalamus

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?

A) ADH

B) oxytocin

C) TSH

D) cortisol

Answer 9

C) TSH

Question 10

What type of memory deficit occurred in patient H.M. after the medial temporal lobe was remove from both hemispheres?

A) He developed a very severe anterograde amnesia.

B) He developed severely impaired short-term memory.

C) He developed a very short attention span.

D) He developed severe retrograde amnesia.

Answer 10

A) He developed a very severe anterograde amnesia.

Question 11

If a hippocampal CA1 neuron is highly depolarized, active synapses within its dendritic arbor are likely to undergo:

A) tetanus.

B) long-term potentiation.

C) a baseline response.

D) Schaffer collaterals.

Answer 11

B) long-term potentiation.

Question 12

This is not an example of synaptic plasticity:

A) Synaptic facilitation

B) Synaptic depression

C) Post-tetanic potentiation

D) Transmitter-receptor interaction

Answer 12

D) Transmitter-receptor interaction

Question 13

Which is NOT a correct statement regarding the figure below?

[A neuron with a cell body in the lateral gray area of spinal cord emerges from the dorsal horn, and synapses at a ganglion. The postsynaptic cell innervates a target such as the heart or a gland.]

A) This is likely a pathway involved in autonomic nervous system.

B) This is likely a sympathetic division pathway.

C) This is likely a parasympathetic division pathway.

D) This pathway may reduce heart rate.

Answer 13

B) This is likely a sympathetic division pathway.

Question 14

The majority (80%) of craniosacral outflow is carried by what nerve?

Answer 14

Vagus nerve

Question 15

In general, drugs that promote the actions of NE or inhibit the mAChRs will cause effects that mimic the activation of which ANS division?

Answer 15

Sympathetic division

Question 16

List the three structures that make up the HPA axis, and name one hormone involved in HPA function, indicating where it is synthesized and where it is received.

Answer 16

Hypothalamus: synthesizes and releases CRH.

Pituitary: anterior pituitary gland receives CRH and releases ACTH.

Adrenal Cortex: receives ACTH and releases cortisol

Question 17

What did H.M.’s retained ability to improve at motor tasks with practice suggest about the function of the hippocampus?

Answer 17

H.M’s retained ability to improve motor tasks with practice suggests the hypothalamus is not directly involved in motor memory or motor learning. This would mean the hippocampus has a specific role in the formation of declarative memories but not procedural memories.