Neurotransmitters: deck 1 (Unit 3) Flashcards
What are the three classes of neurotransmitters?
Amino Acids
Monoamines
Acetylcholine
What are the four main amino acid neurotransmitters?
Glutamate
Aspartate
GABA
Glycine
What are the four monoamines?
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin
What type of neurotransmitter is Glutamate?
Amino Acid
What type of neurotransmitter is Aspartate?
Amino Acid
What type of neurotransmitter is GABA?
Amino Acid
What type of neurotransmitter is Glycine?
Amino Acid
What type of neurotransmitter is Dopamine?
Monoamines
What type of neurotransmitter is Epinephrine?
Monoamines
What type of neurotransmitter is Norepinephrine?
Monoamines
What type of neurotransmitter is Serotonin?
Monoamines
What three neurotransmitters are Catecholamines?
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
What neurotransmitter is an indolamine?
Serotonin
What neurotransmitters are synthesized from Tyrosine?
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
(all catecholamines)
What is Catecholamine synthesis?
The synthesis of Dopamine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine from Tyrosine
What is the order of Catecholamine synthesis?
Tyrosine -> L-dopa -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine
What is the precursor molecule to Epinephrine, Norepinenphorine, and Dopamine?
Tyrosine
What is Tyrosine?
The precursor molecule to Dopamine, L-dopa, Norepinephorine, and Epinephorine.
What neurotransmitter is synthesized by Tryptophan?
Serotonin
What is Serotonin synthesis?
The synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan
What is the order of Serotonin synthesis?
Tryptophan -> 5-HT -> Serotonin
What is 5-HTP?
The precursor molecule to serotonin
What is the precursor molecule to serotonin?
Tryptophan, and 5-HTP
What is Tryptophan?
the precursor molecule to Serotonin
What neurotransmitter has its own classification because it is acetylated?
Acetylcholine
What is Acetylcholine’s primary function?
playing a role in muscle contraction
What are the two main unconventional gaseous neurotransmitters?
Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)
What small nonpolar molecules traverse the cell membrane of a neuron?
Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)
What is the role of NO and CO molecules?
they move from neurons to other cells and stimulate the production of second messenger molecules
What neurotransmitters stimulate the production of second messenger molecules?
Nitric oxide (NO) and Carbon monoxide (CO)
Nitric oxide and Carbon monoxide are short-lived molecules.
True or False
True
What neurotransmitter molecules are involved in Retrograde transmission?
Nitric oxide (NO), Carbon monoxide (CO), and endocannabinoids
What is an Endocannabinoid?
an unconventional class of neurotransmitter
What is a neuropeptide?
large unconventional neurotransmitters, that are polypeptide chains that are sometimes protein, each carrying a specific function depending on its amino acid sequence
How are neuropeptides categorized?
primarily by their location in the body
What are the five main neuropeptides?
Pituitary peptides, hypothalamic peptides, brain-gut peptides, opioid peptides, and miscellaneous
Where are pituitary neuropeptides located?
pituitary gland
Where are hypothalamus neuropeptides located?
hypothalamus
Where are brain-gut neuropeptides located?
gut
Where are opioid neuropeptides located?
resemble opium
What response occurs when a neurotransmitter binds to its active site?
either cause excitation or inhibition
What does excitation result in for the postsynaptic neuron?
(propagates a signal) depolarization of the neuron
What does inhibition result in for the postsynaptic neuron?
(halts a signal) hyperpolarization of the neuron
What must occur for the propagation of a signal in a postsynaptic neuron?
excitation/depolarization
What must occur for the halt of a signal in a postsynaptic neuron?
inhibition/ hyperpolarization
What signal does Glutamate typically produce?
excitatory/ depolarization
What signal does Glycine typically produce?
Inhibition/ hyperpolarization
What signal does GABA typically produce?
Inhibition/ hyperpolarization
What signal does Acetylcholine typically produce?
either excitatory or inhibitory
When is Acetylcholine excitatory?
at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles
When is Acetylcholine inhibitory?
at the neuromuscular junction of cardiac muscles
What is direct action?
when neurotransmitter binding causes receptors to open up so that ions can pass through
When a neurotransmitter binding causes receptors to open up so that ions can pass through it is called
direct action
Which type of action directly affects membrane potential, propagating a specific effect?
direct action
Indirect action
direct action
What neurotransmitters tend to exhibit direct action behavior?
Acetylcholine and Amino Acids:
(Glutamate
Aspartate
GABA
Glycine)
What is indirect action?
when action is promoted through second messenger molecules like G-protein
When action is promoted through second messenger molecules like G-protein it is called
indirect action
Which type of action operates similarly to hormones?
direct action
indirect action
indirect action
Which type of action is mediated by metabotropic receptors?
direct action
indirect action
indirect action
What neurotransmitters tend to exhibit indirect action behavior?
monoamines: (Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Serotonin)
neuropeptides
Small gas molecules: (NO, CO)
What are neuromodulators?
neurotransmitters that exhibit indirect action behavior
