Final: Week 4 Study Guide Flashcards
Which of the following is a structural difference between the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
A) The SNS has two divisions, while the ANS has only one division.
B) The SNS innervates skeletal muscle, while the ANS innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
C) The SNS uses acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter, while the ANS uses both acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
D) The SNS is under voluntary control, while the ANS is mostly involuntary.
B) The SNS innervates skeletal muscle, while the ANS innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Which division of the ANS is responsible for the “fight or flight” response?
A) Sympathetic division
B) Parasympathetic division
C) Enteric division
D) Somatic division
A) Sympathetic division
Which of the following is a functional difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
A) The sympathetic division is responsible for rest and digestion, while the parasympathetic division is responsible for emergencies.
B) The sympathetic division has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers, while the parasympathetic division has the opposite.
C) The sympathetic division uses acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter, while the parasympathetic division uses norepinephrine.
D) The sympathetic division has a broad response, affecting many organs at once, while the parasympathetic division has a more specific and localized response.
D) The sympathetic division has a broad response, affecting many organs at once, while the parasympathetic division has a more specific and localized response.
Which division of the ANS is responsible for the “rest and digest” response?
A) Sympathetic division
B) Parasympathetic division
C) Enteric division
D) Somatic division
B) Parasympathetic division
Which cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A) Cranial nerves I and II
B) Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI
C) Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X
D) Cranial nerves XI and XII
C) Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X
Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
Which anatomical component is unique to the sympathetic division of the ANS?
A) Ganglia located close to or within the target organs
B) Long preganglionic fibers
C) Short postganglionic fibers
D) Craniosacral outflow
C) Short postganglionic fibers
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A) Mobilizing the body’s resources during stress
B) Maintaining homeostasis at rest
C) Initiating the “fight or flight” response
D) Regulating digestion and other internal organ functions
D) Regulating digestion and other internal organ functions
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter involved in autonomic responses?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Dopamine
C) Serotonin
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
The hypothalamus plays a role in:
A) Regulating body temperature
B) Regulating hunger and thirst
C) Controlling emotions
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland under the control of the hypothalamus?
A) Oxytocin
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
D) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
C) Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as the:
A) Thoracolumbar division
B) Craniosacral division
C) Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
D) Enteric division
A) Thoracolumbar division
Which term refers to the coordinated activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions to maintain homeostasis?
A) Dual innervation
B) Sympathetic dominance
C) Parasympathetic dominance
D) Autonomic reflex
A) Dual innervation
Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by the preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
A) Acetylcholine
The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also known as the:
A) Thoracolumbar division
B) Craniosacral division
C) Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
D) Enteric division
B) Craniosacral division
What is the primary function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
A) Regulating digestion and other internal organ functions
B) Mobilizing the body’s resources during stress
C) Maintaining homeostasis at rest
D) Controlling voluntary muscle movements
B) Mobilizing the body’s resources during stress
The hypothalamus links to the pituitary gland via the:
A) Infundibulum
B) Optic chiasm
C) Mammillary bodies
D) Pineal gland
A) Infundibulum
Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland under the control of the hypothalamus?
A) Oxytocin
B) Prolactin
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
A) Oxytocin
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
A) Regulating body temperature
B) Regulating hunger and thirst
C) Producing hormones that control other endocrine glands
D) Controlling voluntary muscle movements
D) Controlling voluntary muscle movements
Which term refers to the phenomenon where the hypothalamus inhibits the release of certain hormones?
A) Dual innervation
B) Sympathetic dominance
C) Parasympathetic dominance
D) Inhibiting factors
D) Inhibiting factors
What is a key structural difference between the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
A) The SNS has ganglia, while the ANS does not
B) The SNS innervates smooth muscles, while the ANS innervates skeletal muscles
C) The SNS has preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, while the ANS has only preganglionic neurons
D) The SNS is involved in involuntary responses, while the ANS is involved in voluntary responses
C) The SNS has preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, while the ANS has only preganglionic neurons
Which division of the ANS is responsible for the “fight or flight” response?
A) Parasympathetic
B) Sympathetic
C) Somatic
D) Enteric
B) Sympathetic
What is a functional component of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A) Dilating pupils
B) Increasing heart rate
C) Stimulating digestion
D) Releasing adrenaline
C) Stimulating digestion
Which cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A) Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X
B) Cranial nerves I, II, V, VIII
C) Cranial nerves V, VII, X, XII
D) Cranial nerves III, V, VIII, XI
A) Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X
What is the neurotransmitter commonly associated with the sympathetic division of the ANS?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
Which anatomical component is characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A) Short preganglionic fibers
B) Ganglia located near the spinal cord
C) Thoracolumbar outflow
D) Preganglionic cell bodies in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
A) Short preganglionic fibers
What is the main function of the hypothalamus?
A) Regulating hormone secretion
B) Regulating muscle movement
C) Controlling voluntary movements
D) Processing visual information
A) Regulating hormone secretion
Which hormone is primarily synthesized and released by the posterior pituitary under hypothalamic control?
A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B) Growth hormone (GH)
C) Oxytocin
D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C) Oxytocin
What is the main function of the inhibiting factors released by the hypothalamus?
A) Stimulate hormone secretion
B) Inhibit hormone secretion
C) Promote neuron growth
D) Enhance muscle contraction
B) Inhibit hormone secretion
Which term refers to the phenomenon where an organ receives dual innervation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
A) Monoinnervation
B) Unilateral innervation
C) Dual innervation
D) Bilateral innervation
C) Dual innervation
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?
A) Norepinephrine
B) Acetylcholine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
B) Acetylcholine
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate from the:
A) Brainstem
B) Spinal cord
C) Cerebellum
D) Hypothalamus
B) Spinal cord
Which cranial nerve is NOT involved in carrying parasympathetic fibers?
A) Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor nerve)
B) Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve)
C) Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)
D) Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal nerve)
D) Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal nerve)
What is the main function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
A) Promote rest and digestion
B) Facilitate energy conservation
C) Prepare the body for emergency situations
D) Stimulate relaxation and sleep
C) Prepare the body for emergency situations
The parasympathetic division is often referred to as the:
A) “Rest and digest” system
B) “Fight or flight” system
A) “Rest and digest” system
