T32 - Reptiles and Birds

Question 1

2 of the 5 characteristics of non-avian reptiles include:

• thick, dry, waterproof, keratin SCALES
• leathery eggshell

which other characteristics are missing from this list?

Answer 1

• little parent care
• ectotermic
• 3-chambered heart

Question 2

how long ago did the earliest reptiles come?

Answer 2

310 mya

Question 3

Name the following niches of turtles:

1. are they found in marine, terrestrial, freshwater, etc?
2. where do they lay their eggs?
3. are they all herbivores?
4. are they anapsids, diapsids, or synapsids?

Answer 3

1. all three!
2. ALWAYS on land
3. they can be either herbivores or carnivores
4. they are anapsids, but they are descended from diapsids and are classified as such

Question 4

Explain the following parts of a turtle/tortoise’s body plan:
1. shell
2. mouth/teeth
3. intromittent organ

Answer 4

1. box-like, bony or cartilaginous, made of dorsal and ventral shields fused to their skeleton
2. no teeth, only beaks
3. single intromittent organ

Question 5

Explain the defining body plan of a lepidosaur:

1. dermal situation?
2. scales?
3. intromittent organ?

Answer 5

1. teeth fused jaw
2. overlapping scales
3. hemipenis (2 organs, paired penis)

Question 6

What are the two extant groups under lepidosaurs?

Answer 6

tuataras and squamates

Question 7

What are the two body parts that separate tuataras from squamates?

Answer 7

1. jaw: tuataras have no modified jaw strcuture
2. no intromittent organ NO PENIS

Question 8

What are the two body parts that separate squamates from tuataras?

Answer 8

1. loosely jointed jaws and skull
2. hemipenis

Question 9

Snakes are one type of squamate, what is the other?

Answer 9

lizards

Question 10

what are the differences between the two squamates, the snakes and the lizards?

Answer 10

1. limbs: lizards
2. external ears: lizards
3. adaptations for capture and consumption: snakes

Question 11

What are the similarities between snakes and lizards?

Answer 11

• both predators and carnivores
• both squamates

Question 12

What is the only non-avian reptile that exhibits parental care?

Answer 12

crocodilians

Question 13

explain the defining body plan of an archosaur:

1. dermal planning

Answer 13

1. socketed teeth (not fused to jaw)

Question 14

What are the two types of crocodilians?

Answer 14

alligators and crocodiles

Question 15

Explain the following characteristics of crocodilians:

1. habitat
2. predator/carnivore
3. skull
4. intromittent organ
5. paternal care

Answer 15

1. freshwater and marine, WARM regions
2. predator
3. elongated and flattened skulls
4. single intromittent organ
5. maternal care

Question 16

Describe the two extinct diapsids of:

1. Ichthyosaurs
2. Plesiosaurs

Answer 16

1. fish-lizards: short necks, fish-like tails
2. near-lizards: long necks, long tails
   both marines

Question 17

Describe the two extinct diapsids of archosaurs:

1. pterosaurs
2. non-avian dinosaurs

Answer 17

1. first flighty boys
2. split into herbivores (ornithiscians) and carnivores (saurischians)

dont need to know the long names i dont think

Question 18

Which group of dinosaurs did birds evolve from?

Answer 18

theropods

Question 19

Describe the oldest known bird. What was its name?

present in birds include feathers and wings, but what features did it have that extant birds did not?

Answer 19

Archaeopteryx

its additional features included teeth, bony tail, wing claws

Question 20

Why are birds more diverse than their extant sister taxa, crocodilians?

Answer 20

birds underwent adaptive radiation after flight

Question 21

What are two body parts of birds that aid in the flight movement?

Answer 21

1. wings with keratin feathers
2. lightweight hollow bones

Question 22

what are three body parts of birds that help reduce weight and support flight?

Answer 22

1. toothless beaks
2. digestive systems adapted for flight
3. reduced organs

Question 23

what are two body parts of birds that help increase energy and oxygenation for flight?

Answer 23

1. endothermy for high metabolic energy
2. four-chambered heart
3. complex respiratory system

Question 24

Which environments can birds be found in?

Answer 24

terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments

Question 25

What kinds of consumers are birds?

Answer 25

predators, herbivores, scavengers, omnivores, depending on the species.

Question 26

What are the two purposes of preening?

Answer 26

1. moving waxy secretions from glands to keep feathers supple and antimicrobial 2. removing foreign particles such as parasites

Question 27

What are cloacas for birds?

Answer 27

shared opening for waste removal AND reproduction

Question 28

Are birds oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous

Answer 28

Oviparous, they lay eggs.

Question 29

T/F: because birds do not have an intromittent organ, they do not use internal fertilization in reproduction.

Answer 29

FALSE. They still have internal fertilization, just with cloacas transporting sperm.

Question 30

Precocial

Answer 30

chicks feeding themselves

Question 31

Altricial

Answer 31

chicks are helpless and featherless