T19 - Intro To Animals Flashcards
Fill in this sentence with regards to animals:
Animals are _ _ _ cellular, _ _ _ trophic [prokaryotes or eukaryotes?], with tissues that develop from _ _ _ layers.
Animals are multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
What are the two types of tissue animals are known for? What types of cells are they made out of?
nervous and muscle tissue, made from nervous and muscle cells
What does it mean when we say that animals are phagotrophic chemoheterotrophs?
phagotrophic - consumes food within their bodies
chemoheterotrophs - depend on external organic molecules for carbon and energy
T/F: The diploid (2n) stage dominates the life cycle of the animal
TRUE, in contrast witht he haploid-dominated cycle in fungi
T/F: The vast majority of animal species reproduce asexually.
FALSE. Sexual reproduction is dominant.
Fission/Fragmentation
and which types of animals have it
When the organism splits into two or more parts that regenerate into complete organisms. More commonly found in invertebrates.
Budding
When new individuals are formed through the outgrowths (buds) of existing organisms. (only in INVERTEBRATE animals)
Parthenogenesis
when an embryo forms from an unfertilized egg cell. Found in both invertebrates and vertebrates
What are the two main benefits of asexual reproduction?
- rapid population growth
- alternative to sexual reproduction in limited reproductive opportunities
Fill in the missing steps in embryonic development:
1. Cleavage of zygote
2. ?
3. Creation of the blastula and ?
4. ?
- Cleavage of the zygote
- Eight-cell stage
- Creation of the blastula and blastocoel
- Gastrulation
Blastula
A form of the embryo with an internal blastocoel
blastocoel
the hollow opening within the blastula
gastrulation
a process within animal embryonic development where the blastula walls fold inwards to make a “balloon within a balloon”
gastrula
a form of the embryo resembling a balloon within a balloon
archentron
the “inner balloon” of the gastrula
blastopore
the opening that connects the archenteron to the outside
Hox genes
genes regulating the development of body form
indirect development
a form of development with intervening stages between the juvenile and adult stages
direct development
a form of development where the juvenile is a smaller version of its adult form
motile
able to move
T/F: not all animals are motile
FALSE. All animals are motile in at least one stage in their life cycle.
body plan
the set of morphological and developmental traits of animals
ectoderm
outside germ layer
endoderm
innermost germ layer (lines the archenteron)
tissues
intergrated groups of specialized cells
with specialized functions
diploblastic
two cell layers: ectoderm and endoderm
mesoderm
inner layer that allows for muscle and other organs
triploblastic
3 layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
what is the purpose of coelom?
containing coelomic fluid
what is the purpose of coelomic fluid?
- allows organs to shift without affecting the body as a whole (e.g. heart has the space to beat)
- cusioning from external impacts
- hydrostatic skeleton (structure)
T/F: hemolymph is one of several forms of coelomic fluid
FALSE. they are two separate fluids
What is the purpose of hemolymphs?
internal circulation, nutrient transport, waster removal, hydrostatic skeleton
explain the differences in protostome and deuterostome in:
1. embryo cleavage
2. coelom formation
3. blastosphere develops into…
for protostomes…
1. spiral and determinate cleavage
2. coelom is formed through the splitting of the mesoderm
3. mouth
deuterostome
1. radial and indeterminate cleavage
2. formed through the folding of the mesoderm
3. anus
which clade of animals is considered “true animals”
eumetazoa
basic description of
deuterostomia
deuterostome embryonic development
basic description of
ecdysozoans
shed their exoskeletons via ecdysis
lophophore
feeding structure
trochophore
developmental stage
lophotrochozoans
feed via lophophore
developmental stage called a trochophore larva
