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BIOL 108 > T10 - Prokaryotes > Flashcards

T10 - Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three defining characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

A
  1. single-celled
  2. lack a nucleus
  3. no organelles
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2
Q

Structural and functional adaptations

What is the advantage of cell walls for prokaryote survival?

A
  • maintaining cell shape
  • protecting cell
  • prevents cell from bursting in unstable environments
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3
Q

What is the difference between bacterial cell walls and archaea cell walls in terms of their component?

A

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Archaea cell walls have polysaccharides but NOT peptidoglycan

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4
Q

Gram stain

A

a procedure that determines the composition of a bacteria’s cell wall

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5
Q

what is the composition of gram-positive bacteria

A

lots of peptidoglycan

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6
Q

what is the composition of a gram-negative bacteria?

A

less peptidoglycan

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7
Q

capsule

A

the protein/polysaccharide layers of many prokaryotes; forms biofilms

retains water, protection from macrophages

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8
Q

biofilms

A

produced by capsules; communities of cell sin a slimy extracellular matrix

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9
Q

fimbriae

A

hair-like appendaves that help adhere to substrates or other individuals in a colony

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10
Q

endospores

A

small, round, resting cells

ESCAPE POD

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11
Q

motile

A

the ability to move and respond within environment

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12
Q

pili

A

allows for DNA exchange in prokaryotes, longer than fimbriae

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13
Q

flagella

A

on cell surface, concentrated at one or both ends of cell

whips around for motility

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14
Q

taxes

A

abilities to move toward or away from a stimulus

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15
Q

What composes the simple DNA of prokeyotes?

A

a singular circular chromosome in a nucleoid OR plasmids

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16
Q

Plasmid

A

small rings of DNA

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17
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

binary fission

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18
Q

T/F: binary fission results in two daughter cells, and is therefore secual reproduction.

A

FALSE. binary fission creates identical copies of itself, and is therefore asexual.

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19
Q

What three factors play into the speed of prokaryote reproduction?

A
  1. binary fission
  2. small cell sizes
  3. simple genomes
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20
Q

Wha three factores contribute to the genetic diversity of prokaryotes?

A
  1. rapid reproduction
  2. mutations
  3. genetic recombination
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21
Q

T/F: Mutation rates are high for prokaryotes because of their fragile DNA.

A

FALSE. Mutation rates are high due to the identical daughter cells of prokaryotes. This combined with rapid binary fission

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22
Q

Explain genetic recombination

A

the combination of DNA from two sources

23
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

the genetic recombination between individuals from different species

24
Q

What are the three methods of genetic recombination of prokaryotic DNA?

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
25
Q

Genetic Recombination

Transformation

A

foreign + prokaryote

26
Q

Genetic Recombination

Transduction

A

bacteria + bacteriophages

27
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

28
Q

Genetic Recombination

Conjugation

A

donor prokaryote + recipient prokaryote

29
Q

pilus

A

singular to pili, the bridge that attaches to a recipient cell to transfer DNA via conjugation

30
Q

What is the importance of plasmids in the survivability of a prokaryote?

A

antibiotic resistance

31
Q

metabolism

A

can consist of anabolism and/or catabolism

32
Q

anabolism

A

building up molecules

33
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down molecules to release energy

34
Q

phototrophs

A

energy from light

35
Q

chemotrophs

A

energy from chemicals

36
Q

autotrophs

A

carbon source is inorganic molecules

37
Q

heterotroph

A

carbon source is organic substrate

38
Q

explain the energy source, carbon source, and example organisms of photoautotrophs

A

light energy + CO2, HCO3, or related compound for carbon

photosynthetic prokaryotes, plants, and some protists

39
Q

explain the energy source, carbon source, and example organisms of chemoautotrophs

A

inorganic chemicals for energy + CO2, HCO3, or related compound for carbon

unique to prokaryotes, found in many of them

40
Q

explain the energy source, carbon source, and example organisms of photoheterotroph

A

light energy + organic compounds

unique to some extremophile prokaryotes

41
Q

extremophile

A

adapted to extreme environments

42
Q

explain the energy source, carbon source, and example organisms of chemoheterotrophs

A

organic compounds for energy + organic compounds for carbon

includes many prokaryotes, protists, fungi, and animals

43
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require O2 for cellular respiration

44
Q

obligate anaerobes

A
  • poisoned by O2
  • use fementation or anaerobic respiration
45
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can survive with or without O2

46
Q

biological nitrogen fixation

A

the conversion of atmosphric nitrogen to ammonia

47
Q

What are the 5 major bacterial groups?

A
  1. proteobacteria
  2. chlamydia
  3. cyanobacteria
  4. gram-positive bacteria
  5. spirochetes
48
Q

Characterize the following sub-lineages of protobacteria:

alpha, gamma, epsilon

A

alpha: associated with eukaryotic hosts; evovled vial endosymbiosis to mitochondria

gamma and epsilon: pathogens

49
Q

What arethe overarching characteristics of proteobacteria?

A

diverse, gram-negative

50
Q

characteristics of chlamydias

A

intracellular paracites

51
Q

characteristics of cyanobacteria

A
  • only bacteria that produces oxygen
  • evolveed via andosymbiosis to chloroplasts
52
Q

characteristics of “gram-positive” bacteria

A
  • only ones that stain gram-positive, but can include gram-negative taxa
  • includes decomposers and pathogens
53
Q

What are the three types of extremophiles that Archaea organisms can be?

A
  1. methanogens
  2. extreme halophiles
  3. extreme thermophiles
54
Q

What are the ecological roles of prokaryotes?

A
  1. producing oxygen, fixing nitrogen
  2. decomposing and recycling chemical elements

BIOL 108 (23 decks)

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