T10 - Prokaryotes

Question 1

what are the three defining characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 1

1. single-celled
2. lack a nucleus
3. no organelles

Question 2

Structural and functional adaptations

What is the advantage of cell walls for prokaryote survival?

Answer 2

• maintaining cell shape
• protecting cell
• prevents cell from bursting in unstable environments

Question 3

What is the difference between bacterial cell walls and archaea cell walls in terms of their component?

Answer 3

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Archaea cell walls have polysaccharides but NOT peptidoglycan

Question 4

Gram stain

Answer 4

a procedure that determines the composition of a bacteria’s cell wall

Question 5

what is the composition of gram-positive bacteria

Answer 5

lots of peptidoglycan

Question 6

what is the composition of a gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 6

less peptidoglycan

Question 7

capsule

Answer 7

the protein/polysaccharide layers of many prokaryotes; forms biofilms

retains water, protection from macrophages

Question 8

biofilms

Answer 8

produced by capsules; communities of cell sin a slimy extracellular matrix

Question 9

fimbriae

Answer 9

hair-like appendaves that help adhere to substrates or other individuals in a colony

Question 10

endospores

Answer 10

small, round, resting cells

ESCAPE POD

Question 11

motile

Answer 11

the ability to move and respond within environment

Question 12

pili

Answer 12

allows for DNA exchange in prokaryotes, longer than fimbriae

Question 13

flagella

Answer 13

on cell surface, concentrated at one or both ends of cell

whips around for motility

Question 14

taxes

Answer 14

abilities to move toward or away from a stimulus

Question 15

What composes the simple DNA of prokeyotes?

Answer 15

a singular circular chromosome in a nucleoid OR plasmids

Question 16

Plasmid

Answer 16

small rings of DNA

Question 17

how do prokaryotes reproduce?

Answer 17

binary fission

Question 18

T/F: binary fission results in two daughter cells, and is therefore secual reproduction.

Answer 18

FALSE. binary fission creates identical copies of itself, and is therefore asexual.

Question 19

What three factors play into the speed of prokaryote reproduction?

Answer 19

1. binary fission
2. small cell sizes
3. simple genomes

Question 20

Wha three factores contribute to the genetic diversity of prokaryotes?

Answer 20

1. rapid reproduction
2. mutations
3. genetic recombination

Question 21

T/F: Mutation rates are high for prokaryotes because of their fragile DNA.

Answer 21

FALSE. Mutation rates are high due to the identical daughter cells of prokaryotes. This combined with rapid binary fission

Question 22

Explain genetic recombination

Answer 22

the combination of DNA from two sources

Question 23

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 23

the genetic recombination between individuals from different species

Question 24

What are the three methods of genetic recombination of prokaryotic DNA?

Answer 24

1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation

Question 25

# Genetic Recombination Transformation

Answer 25

foreign + prokaryote

Question 26

# Genetic Recombination Transduction

Answer 26

bacteria + bacteriophages

Question 27

bacteriophages

Answer 27

viruses that infect bacteria

Question 28

# Genetic Recombination Conjugation

Answer 28

donor prokaryote + recipient prokaryote

Question 29

pilus

Answer 29

singular to pili, the bridge that attaches to a recipient cell to transfer DNA via conjugation

Question 30

What is the importance of plasmids in the survivability of a prokaryote?

Answer 30

antibiotic resistance

Question 31

metabolism

Answer 31

can consist of anabolism and/or catabolism

Question 32

anabolism

Answer 32

building up molecules

Question 33

catabolism

Answer 33

breaking down molecules to release energy

Question 34

phototrophs

Answer 34

energy from **light**

Question 35

chemotrophs

Answer 35

energy from **chemicals**

Question 36

autotrophs

Answer 36

carbon source is **inorganic molecules**

Question 37

heterotroph

Answer 37

carbon source is organic substrate

Question 38

explain the energy source, carbon source, and example organisms of **photoautotrophs**

Answer 38

light energy + CO2, HCO3, or related compound for carbon photosynthetic prokaryotes, plants, and some protists

Question 39

explain the energy source, carbon source, and example organisms of **chemoautotrophs**

Answer 39

inorganic chemicals for energy + CO2, HCO3, or related compound for carbon unique to prokaryotes, found in many of them

Question 40

explain the energy source, carbon source, and example organisms of **photoheterotroph**

Answer 40

light energy + organic compounds unique to some extremophile prokaryotes

Question 41

extremophile

Answer 41

adapted to extreme environments

Question 42

explain the energy source, carbon source, and example organisms of **chemoheterotrophs**

Answer 42

organic compounds for energy + organic compounds for carbon includes many prokaryotes, protists, fungi, and animals

Question 43

obligate aerobes

Answer 43

require O2 for cellular respiration

Question 44

obligate anaerobes

Answer 44

* poisoned by O2 * use fementation or anaerobic respiration

Question 45

facultative anaerobes

Answer 45

can survive with or without O2

Question 46

biological nitrogen fixation

Answer 46

the conversion of atmosphric nitrogen to ammonia

Question 47

What are the 5 major bacterial groups?

Answer 47

1. proteobacteria 2. chlamydia 3. cyanobacteria 4. gram-positive bacteria 5. spirochetes

Question 48

Characterize the following sub-lineages of protobacteria: alpha, gamma, epsilon

Answer 48

alpha: associated with eukaryotic hosts; evovled vial endosymbiosis to mitochondria gamma and epsilon: pathogens

Question 49

What arethe overarching characteristics of proteobacteria?

Answer 49

diverse, gram-negative

Question 50

characteristics of **chlamydias**

Answer 50

intracellular paracites

Question 51

characteristics of **cyanobacteria**

Answer 51

* only bacteria that produces oxygen * evolveed via andosymbiosis to chloroplasts

Question 52

characteristics of **"gram-positive" bacteria**

Answer 52

* only ones that stain gram-positive, but can include gram-negative taxa * includes decomposers and pathogens

Question 53

What are the three types of extremophiles that Archaea organisms can be?

Answer 53

1. methanogens 2. extreme halophiles 3. extreme thermophiles

Question 54

What are the ecological roles of **prokaryotes**?

Answer 54

1. producing oxygen, fixing nitrogen 2. decomposing and recycling chemical elements